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Level 3 > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Tissue

A

• Epithelial
• Connective
• Membrane

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2
Q

Structure of the cell

A

Membrane, nucleus, DNA, cytoplasm, organelles, mitochondria.

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3
Q

Functions of cells

A

Transportation: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport

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4
Q

Pathologies related to cells and tissues

A

Cancer, metastasis and scarring

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5
Q

Cells within the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, Langerhan cells, Melanocytes, Merkle Cells

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6
Q

What happens in the Stratum Germinativum

A

Continuous cell formation, keratinocytes & melanocytes

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7
Q

What happens in the Stratum Spinosum & Stratum Granulosum

A

Cell death due to Keratinisation

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8
Q

What happens in the Stratum Lucidum

A

Only found in thick skin

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9
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Shedding or desquamation

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10
Q

What’s in the Dermis Pt1

A

Papillary & Reticular Layers, matrix to include fibroblasts (collagen & elastin fibres) Hyaluronic Acid

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11
Q

What’s in the Dermis Pt2

A

Blood and lymph vessels, sensory nerve endings, apocrine and sebaceous glands

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12
Q

What’s in the Subcutaneous Layer

A

Adipose Tissue

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13
Q

Composition of the blood

A

Plasma, Erythrocytes, Leucocytes, Thrombocytes

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14
Q

Functions of the blood

A

Transport
Heat Regulation
Defence
Clotting

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15
Q

Structures of the Lymphatic System

A

Lymph Capillaries
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph Nodes
Lymphatic organs and tissues

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16
Q

Composition of Lymph

A

Plasma Substances
Clear, straw coloured, fluid derived from blood plasma through capillary filtration

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17
Q

Functions of the Lymphatic System

A

Collects tissue fluid
Lymph flow is unidirectional not circular

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18
Q

Structure of the nervous system Pt1

A

Central Nervous System (brain & spinal cord)
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system - sympathetic and parasympathetic

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19
Q

Structure of the nervous system Pt2

A

Neurone- motor, sensory, interneurone
Nerve pathways

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20
Q

Functions of the hair

A

Insulation
Protection

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21
Q

Extrinsic factors that affect

A

Chemical exposure, topical stimulation & damage

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22
Q

Intrinsic factors that affect

A

Genetics, nutrition, hormones, medication, disease & disorders

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23
Q

Different types of joint with movement

A

Fixed - fibrous
Semi-movable - cartilaginous
Freely-moveable - synovial joint

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24
Q

Range of joint movement

A

Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, addiction, circumduction, rotation, pronation, supination.

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25
Q

Pathologies related to the skeletal system

A

Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis, Bunions, Hammer Toes, Fractures, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Bursitis, Scoliosis, Kyphosis, Lordosis.

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26
Q

Structure of blood vessels

A

Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Veins, Venules.

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27
Q

Pathologies related to cardiovascular system

A

Heamatoma, Angina, DVT, Hypertension, Hypotension, Varicose Veins, Phlebitis, Stroke.

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28
Q

What treatments have a direct current

A

Galvanic face & body

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29
Q

What treatments have a alternating current

A

Microdermabrasion, indirect high frequency, G5, Vacuum Suction

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30
Q

What treatments have an oscillating current

A

Direct high frequency

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31
Q

What treatments have modified direct current

A

Microcurrent

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32
Q

What treatment has an interrupted current

A

EMS ( faradic)

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33
Q

What does prone mean

A

Face down

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34
Q

What does supination mean

A

Face up

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35
Q

What does lateral mean

A

Outside of body

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36
Q

What does medial mean

A

Inside of body

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37
Q

Where’s the satorious muscle ?

A

Part of the quadriceps, upper thigh 

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38
Q

State the four structures of the endocrine system

A

Endocrine Glands - ductless glands
Hormones - chemical messengers
Receptors and target organs
Location of primary endocrine glands (9)

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39
Q

Functions of the Endocrine system

A

Hormone secretion directly into the blood stream
Works in conjunction with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis

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40
Q

Functions of the Endocrine System pt2

A

Control effect on the body’s functions- emotion, appetite, sexual activity, metabolism, water balance, control reproductive cycle

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41
Q

Functions of the Endocrine System pt3

A

Activation/inhibition of immune system
Hormone secretion from the Endocrine glands and their target sites

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42
Q

State the 9 Endocrine glands

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary
  3. Pineal
  4. Thyroid
  5. Parathyroid
  6. Thymus
  7. Pancreas
  8. Adrenal glands
  9. Gonads - ovaries & testes
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43
Q

Physiological functions hormones effect

A

Growth
Metabolism
Appetite
Puberty
Fertility

44
Q

Pathologies of the Endocrine System

A

Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Polycystic ovaries
Diabetes mellitus (1&2)
Diabetes insipidus

45
Q

How do hormones travel to their destination

A

The bloodstream

46
Q

What system works closely with the endocrine system

A

The nervous system

47
Q

Functions of the kidneys

A

Filtration/ waste from blood
Regulation of water & salt balance in the body
Maintenance of normal ph balance of blood
Production of urine

48
Q

Structure of the renal system

A

Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Kidneys

49
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A

Transports air
Sound production
Exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide
Sense of smell

50
Q

Functions of the nervous system

A

Detect stimuli inside & outside of body
Process & interpret stimuli
Respond to stimuli
Role in homeostasis
Links with endocrine system
Stimulates activity : activation of energy
Inhibits activity: conservation of energy

51
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A

•Filters bacteria & foreign materials, toxins & any harmful materials
•Lymph drains excess tissue fluid from around the cells & transports it back to blood stream
•Carries/transports waste & toxins to lymph nodes & lymph is filtered
•Takes digested fat away from small intestines to the blood

52
Q

Functions of the renal system

A

Regulation of body fluid
General electrolyte composition & the need to maintain electrolyte balance
PH values of the body’s systems

53
Q

Pathologies of the cell

A

Cancer cell
Metastasis
Scarring

54
Q

Types of tissue

A

Epithelial tissue
Muscular tissue
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue

55
Q

Name the 3 types of simple epithelial tissue

A

Cuboidal
Columnar
Squamous

56
Q

Name types of connective tissue

A

Blood tissue
Adipose tissue
Bone tissue

57
Q

Name the 3 types of muscular tissue

A

Cardiac tissue
Skeletal tissue
Smooth tissue

58
Q

Name types of nervous tissue

A

Nerves
Neurons
Glial cells

59
Q

Name the 4 types of stratified epithelial tissue

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Keratinised stratified epithelium
Non Keratinised stratified epithelium
Transitional epithelium

60
Q

Where would you find stratified squamous epithelium tissue

A

Tongue, cornea, female reproductive system

61
Q

Where would you find keratinised stratified epithelium

A

Hair
Skin
Nails

62
Q

Where would you find non keratinised stratified epithelium

A

Eyes
Mouth

63
Q

Where would you find transitional epithelium

A

The bladder
Uterus

64
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

•Production of blood cells( in red bone marrow)
•Storage of calcium salts & phosphorus
Calcium salts:
•Responsible for growth of new bone
•Prevent osteoporosis
Phosphorus:
•Build strong bones & teeth
•Filter out waste in kidneys
•Manage how your body stores and uses energy
•Grow, maintain & repair tissues and cells

65
Q

Types of bones

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bone
Sesamoid bones

66
Q

Name the long bones of the body

A

Femur
Fibula & tibia
Clavicle
Humerus
Radius & ulnar
Metacarpals & metatarsals
Phalanges

67
Q

What are long bones

A

Bones that allow movement

68
Q

What are short bones

A

Bones that allow little movement

69
Q

Where would you find short bones

A

Tarsals
Carpals

70
Q

Where would you find the flat bones

A

Occipital
Parietal
Frontal
Nasal
Vomer
Lacrimal
Scapula
Innominate bones
Sternum
Ribs

71
Q

What are flat bones

A

Protective bones with broad flat surfaces for muscular attachment

72
Q

Where would you find irregular bones

A

Vertebrae - coccyx & sacrum
Maxilla
Mandible
Ethmoid
Palatine
Sphenoid
Zygomatic
Temporal

73
Q

What are irregular bones

A

They don’t fit into any particular category & have different characteristics

74
Q

Where would you find sesamoid bones

A

Patella
The Hyoid

75
Q

What are sesamoid bones

A

Bones with tendons

76
Q

What are you functions of the digestive system

A

Supplies the blood with oxygen, excretes carbon dioxide
Ventilation- inhalation & exhalation

77
Q

Structures of the upper respiratory system

A

Mouth
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx

78
Q

Structures of the lower respiratory system

A

Trachea
Lungs
Bronchii
Bronchioles
Alveoli
The Pleural membranes

79
Q

Functions of the digestive system

A

•Breaks down complex chemicals to simple ones
•Absorb simple chemicals
•Assimilate products of digestion
•Eliminate indigestible materials

80
Q

Structure of the digestive system

A

Alimentary canal/ Gastrointestinal Tract (upper&lower)
Accessory organs

81
Q

Upper tract of digestive system

A

Mouth
Tongue
Pharynx
Oesophagus

82
Q

Lower tract of digestive system

A

Stomach
Small intestines
Large intestine
Rectum & anal canal

83
Q

Digestive system accessory organs

A

Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder

84
Q

Structure of the cardiovascular system

A

Arteries
Arterioles
Veins
Venules
Capillaries

85
Q

Functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Transport
Heat regulation
Clotting
Defense

86
Q

What are arteries

A

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
Have thick muscular walls
Have no valves

87
Q

What are veins

A

Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
Contains valves
Thinner muscular walls

88
Q

What are capillaries

A

Carry both oxygenated & deoxygenated blood
Links arteries to veins
Capillary exchange

89
Q

Functions of the muscular system

A

Movement
Stability
Posture
Create heat
Assists with blood flow & lymphatic movement
Protection

90
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal - voluntary
Cardiac - involuntary
Smooth - involuntary

91
Q

What’s the sliding filament theory

A

Actin & myosin
Move together therefore shortening the muscle

92
Q

Functions of the reproductive system

A

Produce, nourish, and transport either eggs or sperm

93
Q

Structure of the female reproductive system

A

Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian tubes
Ovaries
Mons pubis
Vulva
Clitoris
Labia major & minor

94
Q

Structure of the female reproductive system

A

Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian tubes
Ovaries
Mons pubis
Vulva
Clitoris
Labia major & minor

95
Q

Structure of the female reproductive system

A

Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian tubes
Ovaries
Mons pubis
Vulva
Clitoris
Labia major & minor

96
Q

Structure of the male reproductive system

A

Testes
Duct system
Scrotum
Seminal vesicle
Prostrate gland
Urethra
Penis

97
Q

Two different nervous systems

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

98
Q

What does the central nervous system consists of

A

Brain & spinal cord

99
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of

A

All of the nervous system - not brain & spinal cord
Somatic, autonomic - sympathetic & parasympathetic

100
Q

What’s the sympathetic system

A

Fight or flight
Raises heart rate
Increases breathing rate
Dilates pupils
Slows down digestive system

101
Q

What’s the parasympathetic system

A

Rest & digest
Heart rate is normalised
Digestive functions are maintained
Blood supply to muscles is reduced

102
Q

What’s the somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary nervous system

103
Q

What’s the autonomic system

A

Involuntary nervous system
1.Sympathetic
2.Parasympathetic
Together they maintain homeostasis

104
Q

What frequency does a galvanic machine have ?

A

Volts

105
Q

What dies BIRO mean ?

A

Black
Insertion
Red
Origin

106
Q

What frequency does faradic have ?

A

Hertz

107
Q

What does direct high frequency combat ?

A

Oily skin, gives a germicidal effect

Level 3 (2 decks)

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