Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Types of Tissue
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Membrane
Structure of the cell
Membrane, nucleus, DNA, cytoplasm, organelles, mitochondria.
Functions of cells
Transportation: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport
Pathologies related to cells and tissues
Cancer, metastasis and scarring
Cells within the epidermis
Keratinocytes, Langerhan cells, Melanocytes, Merkle Cells
What happens in the Stratum Germinativum
Continuous cell formation, keratinocytes & melanocytes
What happens in the Stratum Spinosum & Stratum Granulosum
Cell death due to Keratinisation
What happens in the Stratum Lucidum
Only found in thick skin
Stratum Corneum
Shedding or desquamation
What’s in the Dermis Pt1
Papillary & Reticular Layers, matrix to include fibroblasts (collagen & elastin fibres) Hyaluronic Acid
What’s in the Dermis Pt2
Blood and lymph vessels, sensory nerve endings, apocrine and sebaceous glands
What’s in the Subcutaneous Layer
Adipose Tissue
Composition of the blood
Plasma, Erythrocytes, Leucocytes, Thrombocytes
Functions of the blood
Transport
Heat Regulation
Defence
Clotting
Structures of the Lymphatic System
Lymph Capillaries
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph Nodes
Lymphatic organs and tissues
Composition of Lymph
Plasma Substances
Clear, straw coloured, fluid derived from blood plasma through capillary filtration
Functions of the Lymphatic System
Collects tissue fluid
Lymph flow is unidirectional not circular
Structure of the nervous system Pt1
Central Nervous System (brain & spinal cord)
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system - sympathetic and parasympathetic
Structure of the nervous system Pt2
Neurone- motor, sensory, interneurone
Nerve pathways
Functions of the hair
Insulation
Protection
Extrinsic factors that affect
Chemical exposure, topical stimulation & damage
Intrinsic factors that affect
Genetics, nutrition, hormones, medication, disease & disorders
Different types of joint with movement
Fixed - fibrous
Semi-movable - cartilaginous
Freely-moveable - synovial joint
Range of joint movement
Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, addiction, circumduction, rotation, pronation, supination.
Pathologies related to the skeletal system
Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis, Bunions, Hammer Toes, Fractures, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Bursitis, Scoliosis, Kyphosis, Lordosis.
Structure of blood vessels
Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Veins, Venules.
Pathologies related to cardiovascular system
Heamatoma, Angina, DVT, Hypertension, Hypotension, Varicose Veins, Phlebitis, Stroke.
What treatments have a direct current
Galvanic face & body
What treatments have a alternating current
Microdermabrasion, indirect high frequency, G5, Vacuum Suction
What treatments have an oscillating current
Direct high frequency
What treatments have modified direct current
Microcurrent
What treatment has an interrupted current
EMS ( faradic)
What does prone mean
Face down
What does supination mean
Face up
What does lateral mean
Outside of body
What does medial mean
Inside of body
Where’s the satorious muscle ?
Part of the quadriceps, upper thigh 
State the four structures of the endocrine system
Endocrine Glands - ductless glands
Hormones - chemical messengers
Receptors and target organs
Location of primary endocrine glands (9)
Functions of the Endocrine system
Hormone secretion directly into the blood stream
Works in conjunction with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis
Functions of the Endocrine System pt2
Control effect on the body’s functions- emotion, appetite, sexual activity, metabolism, water balance, control reproductive cycle
Functions of the Endocrine System pt3
Activation/inhibition of immune system
Hormone secretion from the Endocrine glands and their target sites
State the 9 Endocrine glands
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary
- Pineal
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Thymus
- Pancreas
- Adrenal glands
- Gonads - ovaries & testes
Physiological functions hormones effect
Growth
Metabolism
Appetite
Puberty
Fertility
Pathologies of the Endocrine System
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Polycystic ovaries
Diabetes mellitus (1&2)
Diabetes insipidus
How do hormones travel to their destination
The bloodstream
What system works closely with the endocrine system
The nervous system
Functions of the kidneys
Filtration/ waste from blood
Regulation of water & salt balance in the body
Maintenance of normal ph balance of blood
Production of urine
Structure of the renal system
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Kidneys
Functions of the respiratory system
Transports air
Sound production
Exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide
Sense of smell
Functions of the nervous system
Detect stimuli inside & outside of body
Process & interpret stimuli
Respond to stimuli
Role in homeostasis
Links with endocrine system
Stimulates activity : activation of energy
Inhibits activity: conservation of energy
Functions of the lymphatic system
•Filters bacteria & foreign materials, toxins & any harmful materials
•Lymph drains excess tissue fluid from around the cells & transports it back to blood stream
•Carries/transports waste & toxins to lymph nodes & lymph is filtered
•Takes digested fat away from small intestines to the blood
Functions of the renal system
Regulation of body fluid
General electrolyte composition & the need to maintain electrolyte balance
PH values of the body’s systems
Pathologies of the cell
Cancer cell
Metastasis
Scarring
Types of tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscular tissue
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
Name the 3 types of simple epithelial tissue
Cuboidal
Columnar
Squamous
Name types of connective tissue
Blood tissue
Adipose tissue
Bone tissue
Name the 3 types of muscular tissue
Cardiac tissue
Skeletal tissue
Smooth tissue
Name types of nervous tissue
Nerves
Neurons
Glial cells
Name the 4 types of stratified epithelial tissue
Stratified squamous epithelium
Keratinised stratified epithelium
Non Keratinised stratified epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Where would you find stratified squamous epithelium tissue
Tongue, cornea, female reproductive system
Where would you find keratinised stratified epithelium
Hair
Skin
Nails
Where would you find non keratinised stratified epithelium
Eyes
Mouth
Where would you find transitional epithelium
The bladder
Uterus
Functions of the skeletal system
•Production of blood cells( in red bone marrow)
•Storage of calcium salts & phosphorus
Calcium salts:
•Responsible for growth of new bone
•Prevent osteoporosis
Phosphorus:
•Build strong bones & teeth
•Filter out waste in kidneys
•Manage how your body stores and uses energy
•Grow, maintain & repair tissues and cells
Types of bones
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bone
Sesamoid bones
Name the long bones of the body
Femur
Fibula & tibia
Clavicle
Humerus
Radius & ulnar
Metacarpals & metatarsals
Phalanges
What are long bones
Bones that allow movement
What are short bones
Bones that allow little movement
Where would you find short bones
Tarsals
Carpals
Where would you find the flat bones
Occipital
Parietal
Frontal
Nasal
Vomer
Lacrimal
Scapula
Innominate bones
Sternum
Ribs
What are flat bones
Protective bones with broad flat surfaces for muscular attachment
Where would you find irregular bones
Vertebrae - coccyx & sacrum
Maxilla
Mandible
Ethmoid
Palatine
Sphenoid
Zygomatic
Temporal
What are irregular bones
They don’t fit into any particular category & have different characteristics
Where would you find sesamoid bones
Patella
The Hyoid
What are sesamoid bones
Bones with tendons
What are you functions of the digestive system
Supplies the blood with oxygen, excretes carbon dioxide
Ventilation- inhalation & exhalation
Structures of the upper respiratory system
Mouth
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Structures of the lower respiratory system
Trachea
Lungs
Bronchii
Bronchioles
Alveoli
The Pleural membranes
Functions of the digestive system
•Breaks down complex chemicals to simple ones
•Absorb simple chemicals
•Assimilate products of digestion
•Eliminate indigestible materials
Structure of the digestive system
Alimentary canal/ Gastrointestinal Tract (upper&lower)
Accessory organs
Upper tract of digestive system
Mouth
Tongue
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Lower tract of digestive system
Stomach
Small intestines
Large intestine
Rectum & anal canal
Digestive system accessory organs
Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder
Structure of the cardiovascular system
Arteries
Arterioles
Veins
Venules
Capillaries
Functions of the cardiovascular system
Transport
Heat regulation
Clotting
Defense
What are arteries
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
Have thick muscular walls
Have no valves
What are veins
Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
Contains valves
Thinner muscular walls
What are capillaries
Carry both oxygenated & deoxygenated blood
Links arteries to veins
Capillary exchange
Functions of the muscular system
Movement
Stability
Posture
Create heat
Assists with blood flow & lymphatic movement
Protection
3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal - voluntary
Cardiac - involuntary
Smooth - involuntary
What’s the sliding filament theory
Actin & myosin
Move together therefore shortening the muscle
Functions of the reproductive system
Produce, nourish, and transport either eggs or sperm
Structure of the female reproductive system
Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian tubes
Ovaries
Mons pubis
Vulva
Clitoris
Labia major & minor
Structure of the female reproductive system
Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian tubes
Ovaries
Mons pubis
Vulva
Clitoris
Labia major & minor
Structure of the female reproductive system
Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian tubes
Ovaries
Mons pubis
Vulva
Clitoris
Labia major & minor
Structure of the male reproductive system
Testes
Duct system
Scrotum
Seminal vesicle
Prostrate gland
Urethra
Penis
Two different nervous systems
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
What does the central nervous system consists of
Brain & spinal cord
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of
All of the nervous system - not brain & spinal cord
Somatic, autonomic - sympathetic & parasympathetic
What’s the sympathetic system
Fight or flight
Raises heart rate
Increases breathing rate
Dilates pupils
Slows down digestive system
What’s the parasympathetic system
Rest & digest
Heart rate is normalised
Digestive functions are maintained
Blood supply to muscles is reduced
What’s the somatic nervous system
Voluntary nervous system
What’s the autonomic system
Involuntary nervous system
1.Sympathetic
2.Parasympathetic
Together they maintain homeostasis
What frequency does a galvanic machine have ?
Volts
What dies BIRO mean ?
Black
Insertion
Red
Origin
What frequency does faradic have ?
Hertz
What does direct high frequency combat ?
Oily skin, gives a germicidal effect
