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Year 2 - Functional Rehabilitation > Anatomy&Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy&Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of tendon tissue?

A
  • To attach muscle to bone
  • To transmit force
  • Forces usually tensile
  • Tendons have visco-elastic properties
  • Feedback via golgi tendon organs
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2
Q

Physiology of a tendon: Tendon composition?

A

30% collagen
2% elastin
68% extra-cellular matrix

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3
Q

Physiology of a tendon: Tendon cells

A
  • Longitudinal rows of tenoblasts
  • Designed primarily to withstand tensile loading
  • Tendons adapt to mechanical loading and unloading
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4
Q

Pathophysiology of a tendon: Stress vs strain?

A

Stress: Load in mega pascals
Strain: % change in length from rest

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5
Q

Pathophysiology of a tendon: Excessive strain will lead to what pathological responses

A
  • Toe
  • Elastic
  • Plastic
  • Failure
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6
Q

Pathophysiology of a tendon: Deviation from normal anatomical loading can lead to what symptoms?

A

Bending: combined tensile and compressive loading
Torsion: combined tensile, compressive and shear loading

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7
Q

How do tendons adapt?: Tendon size

A

Increased tendon CSA linked with high habitual loading = reduced stress overall

Changes in tendon CSA may be limited after puberty

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8
Q

How do tendons adapt?: Mechanical properties

A
  • Stiffness
  • Compliance
  • Aponeurosis
  • Free-tendon
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9
Q

How do tendons adapt?: Internal tendon structure

A

US imaging has shown tendon response to loading maximally (0-48hrs) and in response to extreme loading in multistage unltra-marathon is increased water content likely to be maladaptive

Medium-term progressive loading showed improved (reduced) water content over 3-5 months

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10
Q

How do tendons adapt?: Tendon blood flow

A
  • Increased blood flow within trendons is understood to be maladaptive in nature

Changes in blood flow doesnt seem to be linked to development of pathology or pain

Instances of increased microvascular blood flow within 1hr post-exercise that return to baseline within 24hrs

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11
Q

Pathophysiology of a tendon: Reactive tendinopathy

A
  • More commonly in the younger person
  • Short-term, adaptive thickening of a portion the tendon
  • Swelling - not inflammation
  • Accompanied by an increase in load
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12
Q

Pathophysiology of a tendon: Tendon dysrepair

A
  • More highly reported in young athletes
  • Best detected with imaging as difficult to detect with clinical tests
  • Increased vascularization
  • Tendons appear thicker, but more localised thickness in one area
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13
Q

Pathophysiology of a tendon: Degenerative tendinopathy

A
  • Primarily seen in the older person, but is possible in younger and seen in elite athletes with chronic overload
  • Local nodules with or without general thickening of the tendon
  • History of repeated bouts of tendon pain
  • High vascularisation (US doppler)
  • Increased risk of rupture
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14
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle tissue?

A
  • Create force movement
  • Stabilising joints
  • Accept load force
  • Protect
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15
Q

Physiology of muscle tissue?

A

Sliding filament theory

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16
Q

Pathophysiology of muscle tissue: Muscular injury types

A

Laceration - When muscle is cut by external object
Contusion - compressive force to the muscle
Strain

17
Q

Pathophysiology of muscle tissue: Muscle strain

A
  • Occur when excessive tensile forces are applied
  • Generally associated with eccentric muscle actions
  • More commonly occurs in bi-articular muscles
  • G1: Usually associated with distruption of distal myo-tendinous junction - contractile structures are the first to be distrupted. Connective tissue not distrupted until higher forces involved
  • G2: Can include muscle belly distruption with more serious G2’s
  • G3: Full rupture
18
Q

Effects of muscle injury: Immediate, short term, Long term

A

Immediate - Pain, spasm, Bleeding and inflammation, loss of function
Short-term - Loss of strength & power, loss of flexibility
Long-term - Reduced strength and power, increased risk of injury

19
Q

What is the functions of a ligament?

A
  • Attach bone to bone over a joint
  • Provide joint stability
  • Similar to tendon - highly uniform fibrous structure but less dense
20
Q

Physiology of a ligament: Ligament composition

A

75% collagen
25% elastin, protiens

21
Q

Physiology of a ligament: Blood supply limited

A
  • Though better closer to bony attachments
  • 3 areas that may supply blood to ligament;
    - Epiligament
    - Periosteum (near enthesis)
22
Q

Physiology of a ligament: Carry 2 types of neural signal to the brain

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Pain
23
Q

Effects of muscle injury: Immediate, short term, long term

A

Immediate - Pain, swelling and inflammation, spasm, loss of function
Short term - Reduced local muscular endurance, reduced proprioception/NMC
Long term - Functional instability

Year 2 - Functional Rehabilitation (7 decks)

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