anatomy & physiology

Question 1

lactate threshold definition

Answer 1

refers to the point during exercise at which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood

Question 2

Analyse how changes in venous return occurring during exercise help performance in aerobic events(A01)

Answer 2

• valves – prevent backflow of blood
• skeletal muscle pump – working muscles contract and compress veins to push blood back towards the
  heart
• respiratory pump – increased respiration/changes in pressure in the thorax compress veins to push
  blood back towards the heart

Question 3

Analyse how changes in venous return occurring during exercise help performance in aerobic events (A02)

Answer 3

• during exercise increased use of muscles in arms and legs compresses veins more pushing more blood back to the heart
• increased breathing rate during exercise causes increased effect of respiratory pump returning more
  blood to the heart
• suction pump of the heart increase as the heart beats harder and faster during exercise

Question 4

Analyse how changes in venous return occurring during exercise help performance in aerobic events(AO3)

Answer 4

-This causes the heart muscle to stretch more increasing ejection fraction/stroke volume/cardiac
output.
* More blood leaving the heart means more blood sent to the lungs for greater gas exchange
-Starling’s law

Question 5

Negative reinforcement definition with sporting example

Answer 5

• Negative reinforcement: removal of an unpleasant stimulus to encourage a desired response (AO1),
  coach stops shouting at a player when the performer does something well (AO2)

Question 6

punishment definition with sporting example

Answer 6

-Punishment: introduction of an unpleasant stimulus to prevent the response from reoccurring (AO1), a red card

Question 7

bilateral transfer

Answer 7

Bilateral transfer: the transference of physical performance learned by one side of the body to the opposite side of the body (1).

Question 8

Social stratification can impact on the sports participation of an individual. One
example of social stratification may be the class that an individual belongs to.
Evaluate the different sporting experiences that upper class and working class
15-year-olds may have and how this might impact on their life-long participation in
sport

(AO1)

Answer 8

• Social stratification is a type of social inequality where society is divided into different levels
  based on a social characteristic
• Social class is a term used to define social inequalities

Question 9

15-year-olds may have and how this might impact on their life-long participation in
sport (AO3)

Answer 9

• An upper class 15 year is likely to have greater access to a wide range of sports
• This is because they will be able to afford equipment, membership
  Whereas a working class 15 year old may not have access to as many as they may not be able to affor

Question 10

vo2 max definition

Answer 10

measures how much oxygen you breathe in while exercising as hard as you can