Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
ANATOMY
the study of the structures of the human body and the substances these structures are made of.
PHYSIOLOGY
the study of the functions and activities performed by the body structures, including physical & chemical processes.
HISTOLOGY
also known as microscopic anatomy, the study of the structure and composition of tissue.
CELLS
are the basic unit of all living things from bacteria to plants to animals to human beings. (responsible for carrying all life processes)
CELL MEMBRANE
the outer most layer of the cell (skin), encloses the protoplasm and allows soluble (capable of being dissolved or liquified) substances to enter and leave (waste), also protects the cell from its surroundings. (communicates w other cells linking like cells together to form tissues.
PROTOPLASM
all living things are composed of this substance, it is a colorless, jelly like substance in which. nutrients such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water present, necessary for cell growth, reproduction and self repair. (includes the cytoplasm & the nucleus)
CYTOPLASM
the fluid that consist of all the contents outside the nucleus and enclosed within the membrane of a cell, upholds shape, acts as protection/ security system, and is apart of the protoplasm. (nucleus isn’t included)
NUCLEUS
the brain of the cell, dense with active protoplasm found in the center, plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism, and within the nucleus is nucleoplasm.
NUCLEOPLASM
the fluid that fills the nuclear envelope which contains proteins and a very important acid known as Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA).
Mitochondria
are small organelles that float freely throughout the cell, the powerhouse, it takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell, the chemical energy used for metabolism is called ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
NEURONS
are nerve cells that makeup the brain, and spinal cord that transmit nerve impulses.
MITOSIS
the normal process of cell reproduction in human tissues that occurs when the cells divides into two identical cells called daughter cells as long as conditions are favorable which include nutrients, oxygen, water, suitable temperature, and the ability to eliminate waste.
METABOLISM
a chemical process that takes place in living organisms, it converts nutrients to energy so the cell can function, and eliminates waste.
ANABOLISM
uses energy to build up.
CATABOLISM
uses energy to breaks down.
TISSUE
a collection of similar cells that perform a particular function, the four types of tissue is connective, epithelial, muscle, and nerve.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
supports, protects, and bind together other tissues of the body. ex. bones, cartilages, ligaments, tendons, fascia (separates muscles), blood, and fats (adipose tissue). collagen and elastin are protein fibers that are apart of this type of tissue.
ADIPOSE TISSUE
connective tissue considered fat, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and stimulates the body.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
a protective lining on cavities of the body and surfaces of organs. ex. skin, mucous membranes, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and the glands.
MUSCLE TISSUE
contracts and moves the various parts of the body.
NERVE TISSUE
carries messages through the central nervous system to control and coordinate all bodily functions. ex. neurons which make up nerves, brain, and spinal cord.
INTEGUMENTARY
largest organ, first line of dense against water loss, regulates temperature, perceives sensation, produces vitamin d, and absorbs capabilities. ex. skin, accessory, organs such as sweat glands, (exocrine glands) sensory respirators, hair and nails.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
carries messages through the central nervous system, controlling and coordinating all bodily functions. ex. brain, spinal cord, nerves.
IMMUNE/ LYMPATHIC
protects the body from disease by developing resistances and destroying disease causing toxins, bacteria. ex. spleen, lymph.
ENDOCRINE
affects growth development, sexual activities, and normal regulatory processes of the body; consist of specialized glands. ex. adrenal, pituitary gland, pancreas.
EXOCRINE GLANDS
known as duct glands,
LUNULA
the bottom cresant part of the nail.
How many bones does the adult skeleton have?
206
Muscles are connected to
bones by tendons.
Bones are connected to each other by
ligaments
The place where bones meet one another is called
joints
What are the 2 types of joints?
movable ex. elbows, knees, hips; and immovable ex. pelvis, skull. (allows little to no movement)
What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?
- give shape & support
- protect internal structures/ organs
- body attachments & movement
- produce wbc & rbc (bone marrow)
- store calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, & sodium supply
How many bones does the head contain?
22 bones divided into 2 groups the cranium and facial bones.
How many bones does the cranium contain?
8
How many bones does the face have?
14
Name the main 6 bones of the cranium?
