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VTNE > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Structure of body and its parts

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2
Q

Physiology

A

How the body functions

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3
Q

Prokaryote

A

cell without nucleus, ex: bacteria

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4
Q

Eukaryote

A

cell with nucleus and organelles

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5
Q

Cell Membrane

A

cell bodyguard; envelops cell, allows substances in/out

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6
Q

Cytoplasm

A

“filling” of the cell; holds everything except nucleus

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7
Q

Ribosome

A

RNA, site of protein synthesis

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8
Q

Mitochondria

A

“Powerhouse” of the cell, DNA, ATP production, found in skeletal muscles

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9
Q

ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

A

Rough or Smooth– rough=attached ribosomes that transports proteins and smooth=no attached ribosomes that synthesize cholesterol and transport fat

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10
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Stacked, saucer-shaped membranes that work as receiving, packaging, and distribution center and produces lysosomes

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11
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digest nutrients

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12
Q

Peroxisomes

A

detoxify substances; found in liver and kidney cells

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13
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Gives cell its shape and structure and allows the cell to move

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14
Q

Centrioles

A

Base of cilia and flagella, helps organize mitotic spindle

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15
Q

Nucleus

A

“brain” of cell and contains DNA

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16
Q

Solute

A

Substance that can be dissolved

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17
Q

Solvent

A

Substance that does the dissolving

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18
Q

Solution

A

Combination of solute and solvent and they become one substance

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19
Q

Intracellular

A

Within a cell

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20
Q

Extracellular

A

Outside a cell

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21
Q

Intercellular

A

Between cells

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22
Q

Passive Processes

A

No energy expended by the cell

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23
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from a high concentration to low concentration

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24
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Diffusion with aid of carrier proteins

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25
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water through semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration

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26
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Amount of pressure necessary to stop flow of water across membrane

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27
Q

Filtration

A

Substances forced through membrane by hydrostatic pressure– important in kidney function

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28
Q

Active Processes

A

Energy expended by the cell

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29
Q

Endocytosis

A

Materials taken into cell

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30
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“cell eating”

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31
Q

Pinocytosis

A

“cell drinking”

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32
Q

Receptor-mediated

A

Specialized membrane receptors bind to substances entering cell

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33
Q

Exocytosis

A

Materials expelled by the cell

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34
Q

Active Transport

A

Where molecules move from low concentration to high concentration of carrier proteins

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35
Q

Hypotonic

A

extracellular fluid is less concentrated than intracellular fluid (hemolysis)

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36
Q

Hypertonic

A

extracellular fluid is more concentrated than intracellular fluid (shrivel)

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37
Q

Isotonic

A

concentrations of extracellular and intracellular fluids are equal

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38
Q

Tissue

A

Groups of similar cells with related functions

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39
Q

Histology or Microanatomy

A

study of tissues

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40
Q

Four Primary Types of Tissue

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

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41
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers skin, lines body cavities, and forms active part of glands

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42
Q

Squamous Epithelium

A

Flat, thin, plate-like cells that line lungs, blood vessels, and thoracic and abdominal cavity

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43
Q

Cuboidal Epithelium

A

cube shaped cells that line the sweat, salivary, and mammary glands

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44
Q

Columnar Epithelium

A

Tall, rectangular cells that line the digestive system and female reproductive system

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45
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Appear to be more than one layer, but all cells touch basal membrane; found in respiratory tract

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46
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Can resemble both cuboidal and squamous shapes, but found in urinary areas like the bladder

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47
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

Specialized epithelial cells that secrete products– classified as endocrine (secrete hormones into bloodstream) or exocrine (secrete sweat from glands)

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48
Q

Connective Tissue

A

widely distributed throughout the body and composed of three elements: cells, fibers, and matrix

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49
Q

Collagen Fiber

A

white, long, straight, very strong fibers composed of collagen

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50
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

yellow, long, thin, branching, stretchy fibers composed of elastin

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51
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

fine collagen fibers in a complex network

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52
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac

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53
Q

Skeletal (striated) Tissue

A

long, parallel fibers with multiple nuclei that attach to and move bones and allow voluntary control

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54
Q

Smooth Tissue

A

spindle shaped, smooth cells found in walls of digestive tract and blood vessels that lack bony attachments and have involuntary control

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55
Q

Cardiac Tissue

A

long, striated cells that are joined at points found only in the heart and have involuntary control

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56
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

tissue for conducting electrical impulses and are located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; composed of neurons and neuroglial cells

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57
Q

Mucuous Membranes

A

membranes that connect to the outside of the body that are made to absorb and secrete; ex: respiratory, digestive, urogenital pathways

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58
Q

Serous Membranes (serosa)

A

membranes that line body cavities and DO NOT connect to the outside of the body; ex: abdominal area and chest area

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59
Q

Cutaneous Membranes (integument or skin)

A

membranes exposed to external environment that provide protection

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60
Q

Cranial

A

toward the head

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61
Q

Rostral

A

toward the nose; used to describe structures on the head

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62
Q

Caudal

A

toward the tail

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63
Q

Dorsal

A

toward backbone

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64
Q

Ventral

A

away from backbone

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65
Q

Medial

A

closest to median plane or middle

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66
Q

Lateral

A

farthest from the medial plane

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67
Q

Proximal

A

the point closest to the backbone; used for reference to the limbs

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68
Q

Distal

A

the point furthest from the backbone; used for reference to the limbs

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69
Q

Anterior

A

toward the head; used in reference to limbs

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70
Q

Posterior

A

toward the tail; used in reference to limbs

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71
Q

Palmar

A

bottom of front foot

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72
Q

Plantar

A

bottom of rear foot

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73
Q

Superficial

A

toward the outer surface o the animal; ex: skin is superficial to the muscle

74
Q

Deep

A

away form the outer surface of the animal; ex: bone is deep to the muscle

75
Q

Osteology

A

study of bones

76
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Bones found on the midline or attached to it– does NOT include limbs

77
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

all bones present in the limbs; ex: femur, humerus

78
Q

Bone Functions

A

Support soft tissues of body, protect vital organs, act as levers for muscle attachment, store minerals, and produce blood cells

79
Q

Osteoblast

A

immature bone cell that produces osteoid

80
Q

Osteocyte

A

mature bone cell that occupies a lacuna in bone

81
Q

Osteoclast

A

very large multinucleate cells capable of dissolving bone matrix and releasing minerals (osteolysis)

82
Q

Osteogenesis

A

formation of bone

83
Q

Endochondral

A

bones formed from cartilage bars laid down in the embryo

84
Q

Intramembranous

A

bones formed form fibrous membranes laid down in the embryo

85
Q

Dog & Cat Vertebral Formula

A 
Cervical vertebrae: 7
thoracic vertebrae: 13
lumbar: 7
sacral: 3
caudal or coccygeal: 6-23
86
Q

Does a dog or cat have a clavicle?

A

Cat

87
Q

Horse Vertebral Formula

A

cervical: 7
thoracic: 18
lumbar: 6
sacral: 5
caudal or coccygeal: 15-20

88
Q

Cattle Vertebral Formula

A

cervical: 7
thoracic: 13
lumbar: 6
sacral: 5
caudal or coccygeal: 18-20

89
Q

Pig V.F.

A

cervical: 7
thoracic: 14-15
lumbar: 6-7
sacral: 4
caudal or coccygeal: 20-23

90
Q

Sheep V.F.

A

cervical: 7
thoracic: 13
lumbar: 6-7
sacral: 4
caudal or coccygeal: 16-18

91
Q

What bone does the male dog and cat both have?

A

A baculum or os penis in the penis

92
Q

What bone do cattle have that are unique to them?

A

An os cordis in the heart

93
Q

What bone do pigs have that are unique to them?

A

An os rostri in the snout

94
Q

Articulations

A

joints; when two or more bones are united by fibrous, elastic, or cartilaginous tissue

95
Q

Synovial

A

joint cavity filled with synovial fluid and diarthroses (majority of joints are these)

96
Q

Ball and socket (spheroid)

A

location: shoulder and hip joints

97
Q

Athrodial (condyloid)

A

location: radoiocarpal joints

98
Q

Trochoid (pivot)

A

location: atlantoaxial

99
Q

Hinge (ginglymus)

A

location: stifle, elbow

100
Q

Gliding

A

location: radioulnar, intervertebral

101
Q

Saddle

A

location: carpometacarpal, PRIMATES ONLY

102
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

responsible for voluntary movement

103
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

responsible for involuntary movement such as digestion

104
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

responsible for cardiac contractions

105
Q

Flexor

A

usually decreases angle of a joint

106
Q

Extensor

A

usually increases angle of a joint

107
Q

Abductor

A

moves bone away from midline

108
Q

Adductor

A

moves bone toward midline

109
Q

Levator

A

produces dorsally directed movement

110
Q

Depressor

A

produces ventrally directed movement

111
Q

Sphincter

A

increases the size of an opening

112
Q

Nervous System

A

central nervous system which contains the brain and spinal cord; peripheral nervous system which contains the nerves connecting to the central nervous system

113
Q

Cerebrum

A

site of motor control, interprets sensory impulses, and areas of association which consists of frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobe

114
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus (interprets sensation such as pain) and hypothalamus (regulates body temp, emotion, fluid balance, thirst etc.)

115
Q

Brainstem

A

consists of midbrain (connects cerebrum and hind brain), pons (contains respiratory centers), and medulla oblongata (where nerve fibers cross from one side of brain to other)

116
Q

Cerebellum

A

controls coordination and balance

117
Q

Spinal Cord

A

conveys sensory impulses from the periphery to the brain and to conduct motor nerve impulses from the brain to the periphery

118
Q

Meninges

A

dura meter, pia mater, arachnoid membranes that enclose the spinal cord

119
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

colorless, watery fluid that contains protein, glucose, and ions– cushions and nourishes the brain

120
Q

Blood-brain Barrier

A

protects brain from fluctuations in chemical levels present in bloodstream

121
Q

PNS

A

all nerve processes connecting to the central nervous system

122
Q

Neuron (nerve cell)

A

composed of dendrites (receiver of impulse) , cell body (delivers impulse to axon) , and axon (leads impulse away to a synapse)

123
Q

Neuroglial Cells

A

connective tissue cells in central and peripheral nervous system that provide protection and support

124
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

consists of heart and blood vessels that provide the force to circulate blood to the entire body

125
Q

Myocardium

A

heart muscle

126
Q

Pericardium

A

double walled membranous sac covering the myocardium

127
Q

Endocardium

A

a serous membrane lining the inner chambers of the heart

128
Q

Precava

A

cranial vena cava or superior vena cava

129
Q

Postcava

A

caudal vena cava or inferior vena cava

130
Q

Heart Rates for Animals

A

dog: 60-160
cat: 140-220
horse: 28-50
cattle: 40-80
swine: 70-120
sheep and goat: 70-80
llama: 60-90
mouse: 450-750

131
Q

Systolic

A

force exerted during contraction of ventricles at max

132
Q

Diastolic

A

force exerted while ventricles are relaxed (minimum)

133
Q

Peristalsis

A

movement of food through digestive tract with smooth muscle contractions

134
Q

Trypsin

A

Digests proteins

135
Q

Lipase

A

Digests fats

136
Q

Amylase

A

Digests starch

137
Q

Bile

A

Emulsifies fat

138
Q

Elastase

A

Acts on elastin

139
Q

Peptidases

A

Acts on large peptides

140
Q

Nucleases

A

Acts on nucleic acids

141
Q

Lymphatic System

A

transports fat from digestive tract to blood, develops immunity, and returns protein containing fluid that escapes from capillaries and returns it to the venous system

142
Q

Lymph organs

A

Spleen, tonsils, thymus, mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

143
Q

Ventilation

A

movement of air between atmosphere and lungs

144
Q

External respiration

A

exchange of gases between alveoli and blood

145
Q

Internal respiration

A

exchange of gases between the blood and the cells

146
Q

Respiratory Rates for Animals

A

dog: 16-32 bpm
cat: 20-42 bpm
horse: 8-16 bpm
cattle: 12-36 bpm
swine: 32-58 bpm
sheep: 16-34 bpm
llama: 12-30 bpm
mouse: 80-230 bpm

147
Q

Pneumothorax

A

air in thoracic cavity

148
Q

Atelectsis

A

collapsed lungs

149
Q

Pleuritis

A

inflammation of the pleural membranes

150
Q

Pneumonia

A

inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or chemicals

151
Q

Eupnea

A

normal, quiet respiration

152
Q

Dyspnea

A

difficult breathing

153
Q

Apnea

A

no breathing

154
Q

What two accessory sex glands do cats have?

A

prostate and bulbourethral (Cowper)

155
Q

What four accessory sex glands do stallions have?

A

seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral, and ampulla

156
Q

Gestation Periods for Animals

A

cat and dog: 63 days

horse: 336 days
cow: 285 days
pig: 114 days
sheep: 147 days
goat: 150 days

157
Q

Dystocia

A

difficult birth

158
Q

Ruminant Stomach

A

stomach found in cattle, sheep, goats, and llamas; composed of rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum

159
Q

Nasopharynx

A

from outside nares to soft palate

160
Q

Oropharynx

A

from soft palate to hyoid bone (midline between chin and thyroid)

161
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

from hyoid bone to larynx

162
Q

Estaschian tube

A

from middle ear to nasopharynx

163
Q

Monestrus

A

one menstrual cycle per year; mink

164
Q

Diestrus

A

cycle in spring and fall; dog

165
Q

Polyestrus

A

more than one cycle per year or continuous; pig

166
Q

Seasonally polyestrus

A

cycle continuously in specific seasons; cat, horse, sheep

167
Q

Reflex or induced ovulators

A

ovulate after being bred; cat, rabbit, mink, ferret, llama, alpaca

168
Q

Spontaneous ovulators

A

ovulation occurs naturally regardless of coitus; dog, cattle, horse

169
Q

Estrous Cycle

A

proestrus -> estrus -> metestrus -> diestrus -> anestrus

170
Q

Protective fetal membranes

A

amnion, allntois chorion

171
Q

Parturition

A

act of giving birth

172
Q

Sclera

A

outermost layer of eye

173
Q

Uvea

A

middle vascular layer of eye

174
Q

Retina

A

innermost layer of eye

175
Q

Vitreous humor

A

clear gel that occupies space between lens and retina

176
Q

Lens

A

focuses light on retina

177
Q

Iris

A

colored part of eye, regulates light passing through

178
Q

Aqueous humor

A

clear fluid between outside and inside chambers between cornea and lens

179
Q

Cornea

A

transparent covering on eye

180
Q

Conjunctiva

A

mucous membrane that lines eyelids

181
Q

Nicititating membrane

A

third eyelid

182
Q

Ear anatomy

A

outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

VTNE (6 decks)

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