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Medical Terminology Basics > Anatomy & Pathology Basics - Week 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy & Pathology Basics - Week 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomy definition

A

Study of how the body is shaped and structured
-structures, level of organization, relationship among body parts

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2
Q

Physiology definition

A

Study of body functions

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3
Q

Structural organization of the body
Cell

A

Basic unit of life

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4
Q

Mitosis

A

Process of cell reproduction

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5
Q

Mitosis 4 phases

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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6
Q

Tissue

A

Group of similar cells from same source that together carry out a specific function

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7
Q

Tissues 4 types

A

Epithelial (4 types based on shape)
Connective
Muscle (3 types)
Nervous

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8
Q

Organs

A

Structure composed of 2 or more types of tissue & may have 1 or more functions and b part of 1 or more systems

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9
Q

Body systems

A

Composed of several organs & their related structures that work together to perform specific functions

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10
Q

Organism

A

Made up of many body systems that work together to maintain homeostasis

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11
Q

Anatomical position

A

Standard frame of reference
Body standing w face forward, arms at sides, palms forward and toes forward

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12
Q

Planes

A

Coronal or frontal
Anterior/ventral & posterior/dorsal
(Front & back of body)

Midsagittal or median
(Separates body into equal right & left halves)

Medial & lateral
(Closer to midline & farther away from midline)

Midline
(Starts at head & goes down body btwn legs to ground)

Transverse or horizontal
(Horizontal upper and lower sections)

Superior/cephalad & inferior/caudad
(Upward, toward, downward, toward tail)

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13
Q

Directional terms

A

Unilateral & bilateral
(One side, two side)

Dextrad & sinistrad
(Right, left side)

Afferent & efferent
Carrying toward, carrying away)

Ipsilateral & contralateral
(Same side, opposite side)

Superficial & deep
(Toward surface, away surface of body)

Proximal & distal
(Near origin, far from origin)

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14
Q

Positional terms

A

Supine
Prone
Lateral

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15
Q

Body cavities
Dorsal (posterior)

A

Nervous organs, cranial cavity, spinal cavity

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16
Q

Body cavities
Ventral (anterior)

A

Thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities
-separated by diaphragm

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17
Q

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

A

Imaginary vertical & horizontal lines intersecting at naval
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

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18
Q

Nine abdominopelvic regions

A

Right hypochondriac region
(Liver, gallbladder, right kidney)

Epigastric region
(Kidney, pancreas, liver, stomach)

Left hypochondriac region
(Stomach, liver, left kidney, spleen)

Right lumbar region
(Sm int., lg int (ascending) liver, right kidney)

Umbilical region
(Sm int., lg int (transverse) pancreas, stomach)

Left lumbar region
(Sm int, lg int (descending) left kidney)

Right iliac region
(Appendix, sm and lg int (cecum and ascending))

Hypogastric region
(Sm int, lg int (sigmoid), bladder

Left iliac region
(Sm int, lg int (descending & sigmoid))

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19
Q

pH

A

Acid-base balance of a solution on 1-14 scale

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20
Q

Neutral pH balance

A

pH is 7

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21
Q

Base or alkaline pH #

A

pH over 7
Fewer hydrogen ions

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22
Q

Acidic pH #

A

pH under 7
More hydrogen ions

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23
Q

Acid base balance
Homeostasis

A

Homeostasis btwn 7.35 & 7.45
Maintained by ; urinary, respiratory systems and chemical buffers

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24
Q

Protective mechanism
1st-line defense

A

Skin
Enzymes in tears & saliva
Mucus
Cilia
Stomach acid
Good bacteria
Urine

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25
Q

Protective mechanism
2nd-line defense

A

Immune system
- white blood cells and lymphatic system

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26
Q

Predisposing factors
Aka risk factors for disease

A

Heredity or genetics
Age
Gender
Environmental factors
Lifestyle

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27
Q

Causes of disease

A

Change in homeostasis
Result of body’s response to perceived threat

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28
Q

Common causes of disease

A

Genetics
Infectious pathogens
Inflammatory processes
Immunity
Nutritional imbalance
Trauma and environmental agents
Neoplasms

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29
Q

Genetics
Chromosomal error during cell division cause what 3 syndrome

A

Chromosomal disorders include
Down syndrome - extra chromosome
Trisomy X syndrome - female has 3 x
Turner syndrome - female only has one x

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30
Q

Genetics
Inheritance of defective gene(s)

A

Monogenic
-dominant, recessive, x-linked

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31
Q

Infectious pathogens

A

Microorganisms that cause disease

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32
Q

Infectious pathogens enter body through ;

A

Direct contact, indirect contact & vectors

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33
Q

Infectious pathogens
Incubation period

A

Time btwn exposure and emergence of signs and symptoms

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34
Q

Infectious pathogens
Noncomminicable vs communicable

A

Contagious : East communicable
Contagious period : time during which disease can spread to another person

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35
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Body’s efficient way of protecting itself when tissues are injured
- due to bacteria, trauma, heat, toxins, etc

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36
Q

Inflammatory response
Chemicals cause a response ;

A

Erythema
Edema
Pain
Warmth
Loss of function

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37
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Auto inflammatory diseases

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38
Q

Immunity
Antigens

A

Toxins, bacteria, viruses, other foreign substances

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39
Q

Immunity
Antibodies

A

Protein substances produced by the body to destroy or weaken antigens

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40
Q

Immunity
Immune response malfunctions

A

Allergies, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency

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41
Q

Nutritional imbalance

A

Too much or too little of a nutrient
Cause ;
Vitamin/mineral deficiencies
Vitamin/mineral excesses
Obesity
Starvation

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42
Q

Trauma & Environmental Agents
Common traumatic injuries

A

Fractures
Lacerated and ruptured organs
Bleeding
Neck/spinal injuries
Head injuries

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43
Q

Trauma & Environmental Agents
Psychological trauma

A

Obvious

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44
Q

Trauma & Environmental Agents
Environmental extreme

A

Obvious

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45
Q

Trauma & Environmental Agents
Other traumatic injuries

A

Poisoning
Insect and animal bites
Burns
Electrical shock
Near drownings

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46
Q

Neoplasms

A

Cells grow too quickly and or don’t die
Benign vs malignant

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47
Q

Benign

A

Cells in tumor are normal

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48
Q

Malignant

A

Cells in tumor are abnormal and grow uncontrollably so they’re cancerous

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49
Q

Cancer classified by tissue of origin

A

Carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma & adenocarcinoma)
Sarcoma
Myeloma
Leukemia
Lymphoma (Hodgkin lymphoma & non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Mixed types

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50
Q

Neoplasms
Primary vs secondary tumor

A

Primary located at site where tumor originated & started to grow
Secondary aka metastatic are ones that spread to other parts of body

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51
Q

Neoplasms
Diagnosis

A

Biopsy, blood tests, imaging tests

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52
Q

Neoplasms
Doctors

A

Oncologist
Pathologist

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53
Q

Grade

A

Degree of abnormality of malignant cells. Grades 1-4
1: well differentiated
2: moderately differentiated
3 & 4: not at all like normal tissue

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54
Q

Neoplasm
Stage

A

Extent, including size & spread
Factors; location, cell type, tumor size, lymph node involvement, spread to other body parts, grade

TNM staging system widely used

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55
Q

Plasma membrane
Aka cell membrane

A

Outer covering surrounding cell that lets substances enter the cell & blocks other substances

56
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly like substance that surrounds the nucleus and fills the cells

57
Q

Organelles

A

Structures in cell are suspended into cytoplasm

58
Q

Ribosome

A

Free floating organelle that makes enzymes and proteins
Contains ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Considered cells protein factories

59
Q

Define
Path/o
Physio/o
Ana-
-logy
-tomy

A

Disease
Growth
Apart, away, up
Study of
Cutting, incision

60
Q

Diagnostic procedures

A

Tests & procedures used to help diagnose or monitor a condition

61
Q

Pathology

A

Study of disease

62
Q

Body systems

A

Digestive
Cardiovascular
Musculoskeletal
Respiratory system

63
Q

Cells

A

Basic unit of life
Determine functional and structural characteristics of entire body
Microscopic in size
Variety of shapes and functions
Covered by plasma membrane

64
Q

Cells contain ;

A

Cytoplasm and organelles or structures inside of the cell for the parts of cell

65
Q

Mitosis

A

Human cells reproduce by mitosis which is a process in which one cell splits into two identical daughter cells

66
Q

Interphase stage

A

B4 mitosis
Genetic info, chromosomes replicate

67
Q

Chromatids

A

Sister pair of chromosomes

68
Q

Centromere

A

Point where two chromatids are joined
& attachment for spindle fibers which are mitosis process

69
Q

Cell part
Plasma membrane
Aka cell membrane

A

Outer covering surrounding cell allows certain substances to enter the cell and blocks other substances

70
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly like substance that surrounds nucleus and fills cells
Organelles suspended in here

71
Q

Ribosome

A

Free floating organelle that makes enzymes and proteins
Contains RNA
Cells protein factories

72
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
(ER)

A

Organelle that is a network of membranes, connects to nucleus.
Ribosomes attach to the ER, causing rough appearance, involved w making proteins

73
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)

A

Tubelike organelle, role differs based on cell, may include; storage of calcium and making steroids and lipids

74
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Organelle that processes and packages proteins and lipids made by cell
“Processing plant”

75
Q

Lysosomes

A

Organelles contain enzymes and r involved w digesting nutrients n other substances
“Waste collectors”

76
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Produces energy for cell
“Power plant”

77
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of cell, contains chromosomes that are made up of dna which carry genetic info
“Control center”

78
Q

Nucleolus

A

Inside nucleus, produces ribosomes

79
Q

Centrioles

A

Tubelike
Cell division and formation of spindles

80
Q

Cilia

A

Hairlike extensions on cell
Detect surroundings or chemicals

81
Q

Microvilla

A

Small projections on surface of cell
Increases surface area & allows additional absorption

82
Q

Flagellum

A

Single long hairlike ext on surface of cell
Propel or move cell

83
Q

Phases of mitosis
PMAT

A

Prophase - prepares
Metaphase - chromosomes meet in middle
Anaphase - chromosome pulls apart
Telophase - cells tear into two

84
Q

Chromosomes

A

Rod shaped structures found in cells nucleus & contain genetic info

85
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Internal or external covering for organs . Ex outer layer of skin, glands, linings of body cavities and organs

Cells are v close so little to no intercellular material

86
Q

2 types of epithelial tissue

A

Simple - single layer same shape cells
Stratified - multiple layers

87
Q

4 epithelial tissue shapes

A

Squamous - flat
Cuboidal - square
Columnar - long & narrow
Transitional - varying shapes that can stretch

88
Q

Connective tissue

A

Supports and binds other body tissues
Ex - bone, blood, fat, fibrous, areolae and cartilage

89
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Produces movement
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

90
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Transmission of info to control variety of functions
Controls body functions to maintain homeostasis
Made up of neurons and supportive structures (neuroglial cells)

91
Q

Define
Cyt/o
Hist/o
Home/o
My/o
Neur/o
Nucle/o
Endo-
-plasm
-stasis

A

Cell
Tissue
Same
Muscle
Nervous
Nucleus
Within, inner
Formation
Controlling

92
Q

Homeostasis
Define

A

Internal environment of body that is compatible with life
Created by all body systems working together to provide consistent internal environment

93
Q

Intercellular
Define

A

Located btwn 2 cells

94
Q

Peristalsis

A

Rhythmic contraction of involuntary muscles lining gastrointestinal tract

95
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Contraction of muscles causing narrowing of inside tube of vessel

96
Q

Organ

A

Structure w 2 or more types of tissue and may have one or more functions
Grouped w body systems & may have more than 1 function

97
Q

Body systems

A

Several organs that work together to perform a specific function

Include ;
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Nervous
Endocrine
Gastrointestinal
Integumentary
Lymphatic
Immune
Muscular
Skeletal
Reproductive
Sensory
Urinary

98
Q

Structural organization of body from smallest to biggest

A

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Body systems
Organism

99
Q

Supine vs prone vs lateral

A

Person is lying face up , lying face down , laying on one side

100
Q

Define
Anter/o
Caud/o
Cephal/o
Dextr/o
Dist/o
Dors/o
Fer/o
Front/o
Infer/o
Later/o
Medi/o
Poster/o
Proxim/o
Sinistr/o
Super/o
Ventr/o

A

Front
Tail
Head
Right
Far
Back
To carry
Front
Downward
Side
Middle
Back
Near
Left
Upward
Belly

101
Q

Dorsal body cavity
2 subcategories

A

Cranial - brain
Spinal - spinal cord

102
Q

Ventral body cavity
2 subcategories

A

Thoracic cavity - heart, lungs, esophagus and trachea
Protected by ribs, sternum and vertebrae

Abdominopelvic cavity -
Two parts
abdominal organs ; stomach, liver, gallbladder, intestines
Pelvic cavity ; urinary bladder and reproductive organs

103
Q

Right upper quadrant

A

Right lobe of liver and gallbladder, right kidney, small intestine, large intestine, head of pancreas

104
Q

Left upper quadrant

A

Stomach
Spleen
Left love of the liver
Pancreas
Left kidney
Large intestine

105
Q

Right lower quadrant

A

Appendix
Cecum
Right ovary
Right ureter
Right spermatic cord
Large intestine
Right kidney

106
Q

Left lower quadrant

A

Small intestine
Large intestine
Left ovary
Left ureter
Left spermatic cord
Left kidney

107
Q

Define
Abdomin/o
Chondr/o
Gastr/o
Pelv/o
Epi/
Hypo-
-ic, -iac

A

Abdomen
Cartilage
Stomach
Pelvis
Above, upon
Under
Pertaining to

108
Q

Disease

A

Specific illness w recognizable group
of signs and symptoms and a clear cause (infection, environment)

109
Q

Syndrome

A

Group of signs and symptoms that occur together associated with condition

110
Q

Disorder

A

Disruption of the function or structure of body

111
Q

Prevalence

A

How often disease occurs

112
Q

Incidence

A

ppl newly diagnosed with disease

113
Q

Morbidity

A

Illness

114
Q

Mortality

A

Death

115
Q

Acute

A

Severe , sudden onset of disease

116
Q

Chronic

A

Disease, disorder or syndrome longer than 6 months

117
Q

Prognosis

A

Medical condition of the outcome of the disease or disorder process

118
Q

Prevention

A

Methods to avoid getting disease

119
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of disorder or disease

120
Q

Sign
Aka objective data

A

Something that’s measure or observed by others
Ex - redness, swelling, edema, bp, pulse

121
Q

Symptom
Aka subjective data

A

Perceived by patient
Ex - pain, headache, dizziness, nausea

122
Q

Diagnostic procedure

A

Tests & procedures used to help diagnose or monitor a condition

123
Q

Treatments

A

Management of a disease or disorder , follow-up care
Ex - meds, special diet, testing

124
Q

Define
Tom/o
-gram
-graphy
-scope
-scopy

A

Section
Record
Process of recording
Instrument to view
Process of viewing

125
Q

Endoscope

A

Scope w camera attached to long thin tube that can be inserted into body

126
Q

Endoscopy

A

Non surgical procedure that uses an endoscope to view inside of body

127
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease causing organism

128
Q

Monogenic disorder define & 3 categories

A

Caused by single defective gene from one or both parents
Dominant - 1 defective gene
Recessive - both parents bad gene
X linked - sex determination by father
Dominant x - one defective X chromosome, females milder symptoms
Recessive x - female would need two recessive x gene, male 1

129
Q

Noncommunicable vs communicable diseases

A

Cannot be transmitted vs can be transmitted aka contagious

130
Q

Toxins

A

Substances created by microorganisms, plants, animals that are poisonous to humans

131
Q

Inflammatory process

A

Body’s way of protecting itself

132
Q

5 key signs of inflammation

A

Erythema
Edema
Pain
Warmth
Loss of function

133
Q

Immune system

A

Protects body by remembering antigens from diseases and using antibodies to attempt to destroy harmful substances
Sometimes can work against us
Allergies - food, pets, dust, etc
Autoimmunity - starts attacking itself
Immunodeficiency- deficient in one or more of immune system key players (white blood cells)

134
Q

Define
Erg/o
Immun/o
Also-
Anti-
Auto-
-gen
-y

A

Work
Safety, protection
Different, other
Against
Self
Producing
Condition

135
Q

Define
Aden/o
Carcin/o
Lymph/o
Sarc/o
-oma

A

Gland
Cancer
Lymph
Connective tissue
Tumor, mass

Medical Terminology Basics (7 decks)

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