Anatomy & Pathology Basics - Week 2 Flashcards

Question

Protective mechanism 2nd-line defense

Answer 1

Immune system - white blood cells and lymphatic system

Answer 2

Heredity or genetics Age Gender Environmental factors Lifestyle

Answer 3

Change in homeostasis Result of body’s response to perceived threat

Answer 4

Genetics Infectious pathogens Inflammatory processes Immunity Nutritional imbalance Trauma and environmental agents Neoplasms

Answer 5

Chromosomal disorders include Down syndrome - extra chromosome Trisomy X syndrome - female has 3 x Turner syndrome - female only has one x

Answer 6

Monogenic -dominant, recessive, x-linked

Answer 7

Microorganisms that cause disease

Answer 8

Direct contact, indirect contact & vectors

Answer 9

Time btwn exposure and emergence of signs and symptoms

Answer 10

Contagious : East communicable Contagious period : time during which disease can spread to another person

Answer 11

Body’s efficient way of protecting itself when tissues are injured - due to bacteria, trauma, heat, toxins, etc

Answer 12

Erythema Edema Pain Warmth Loss of function

Answer 13

Auto inflammatory diseases

Answer 14

Toxins, bacteria, viruses, other foreign substances

Answer 15

Protein substances produced by the body to destroy or weaken antigens

Answer 16

Allergies, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency

Answer 17

Too much or too little of a nutrient Cause ; Vitamin/mineral deficiencies Vitamin/mineral excesses Obesity Starvation

Answer 18

Fractures Lacerated and ruptured organs Bleeding Neck/spinal injuries Head injuries

Answer 19

Poisoning Insect and animal bites Burns Electrical shock Near drownings

Answer 20

Cells grow too quickly and or don’t die Benign vs malignant

Answer 21

Cells in tumor are normal

Answer 22

Cells in tumor are abnormal and grow uncontrollably so they’re cancerous

Answer 23

Carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma & adenocarcinoma) Sarcoma Myeloma Leukemia Lymphoma (Hodgkin lymphoma & non-Hodgkin lymphoma Mixed types

Answer 24

Primary located at site where tumor originated & started to grow Secondary aka metastatic are ones that spread to other parts of body

Answer 25

Biopsy, blood tests, imaging tests

Answer 26

Oncologist Pathologist

Answer 27

Degree of abnormality of malignant cells. Grades 1-4 1: well differentiated 2: moderately differentiated 3 & 4: not at all like normal tissue

Answer 28

Extent, including size & spread Factors; location, cell type, tumor size, lymph node involvement, spread to other body parts, grade TNM staging system widely used

Answer 29

Outer covering surrounding cell that lets substances enter the cell & blocks other substances

Answer 30

Jelly like substance that surrounds the nucleus and fills the cells

Answer 31

Structures in cell are suspended into cytoplasm

Answer 32

Free floating organelle that makes enzymes and proteins Contains ribonucleic acid (RNA) Considered cells protein factories

Answer 33

Disease Growth Apart, away, up Study of Cutting, incision

Answer 34

Tests & procedures used to help diagnose or monitor a condition

Answer 35

Study of disease

Answer 36

Digestive Cardiovascular Musculoskeletal Respiratory system

Answer 37

Basic unit of life Determine functional and structural characteristics of entire body Microscopic in size Variety of shapes and functions Covered by plasma membrane

Answer 38

Cytoplasm and organelles or structures inside of the cell for the parts of cell

Answer 39

Human cells reproduce by mitosis which is a process in which one cell splits into two identical daughter cells

Answer 40

B4 mitosis Genetic info, chromosomes replicate

Answer 41

Sister pair of chromosomes

Answer 42

Point where two chromatids are joined & attachment for spindle fibers which are mitosis process

Answer 43

Outer covering surrounding cell allows certain substances to enter the cell and blocks other substances

Answer 44

Jelly like substance that surrounds nucleus and fills cells Organelles suspended in here

Answer 45

Free floating organelle that makes enzymes and proteins Contains RNA Cells protein factories

Answer 46

Organelle that is a network of membranes, connects to nucleus. Ribosomes attach to the ER, causing rough appearance, involved w making proteins

Answer 47

Tubelike organelle, role differs based on cell, may include; storage of calcium and making steroids and lipids

Answer 48

Organelle that processes and packages proteins and lipids made by cell “Processing plant”

Answer 49

Organelles contain enzymes and r involved w digesting nutrients n other substances “Waste collectors”

Answer 50

Produces energy for cell “Power plant”

Answer 51

Control center of cell, contains chromosomes that are made up of dna which carry genetic info “Control center”

Answer 52

Inside nucleus, produces ribosomes

Answer 53

Tubelike Cell division and formation of spindles

Answer 54

Hairlike extensions on cell Detect surroundings or chemicals

Answer 55

Small projections on surface of cell Increases surface area & allows additional absorption

Answer 56

Single long hairlike ext on surface of cell Propel or move cell

Answer 57

Prophase - prepares Metaphase - chromosomes meet in middle Anaphase - chromosome pulls apart Telophase - cells tear into two

Answer 58

Rod shaped structures found in cells nucleus & contain genetic info

Answer 59

Internal or external covering for organs . Ex outer layer of skin, glands, linings of body cavities and organs Cells are v close so little to no intercellular material

Answer 60

Simple - single layer same shape cells Stratified - multiple layers

Answer 61

Squamous - flat Cuboidal - square Columnar - long & narrow Transitional - varying shapes that can stretch

Answer 62

Supports and binds other body tissues Ex - bone, blood, fat, fibrous, areolae and cartilage

Answer 63

Produces movement Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Answer 64

Transmission of info to control variety of functions Controls body functions to maintain homeostasis Made up of neurons and supportive structures (neuroglial cells)

Answer 65

Cell Tissue Same Muscle Nervous Nucleus Within, inner Formation Controlling

Answer 66

Internal environment of body that is compatible with life Created by all body systems working together to provide consistent internal environment

Answer 67

Located btwn 2 cells

Answer 68

Rhythmic contraction of involuntary muscles lining gastrointestinal tract

Answer 69

Contraction of muscles causing narrowing of inside tube of vessel

Answer 70

Structure w 2 or more types of tissue and may have one or more functions Grouped w body systems & may have more than 1 function

Answer 71

Several organs that work together to perform a specific function Include ; Cardiovascular Respiratory Nervous Endocrine Gastrointestinal Integumentary Lymphatic Immune Muscular Skeletal Reproductive Sensory Urinary

Answer 72

Cells Tissues Organs Body systems Organism

Answer 73

Person is lying face up , lying face down , laying on one side

Answer 74

Front Tail Head Right Far Back To carry Front Downward Side Middle Back Near Left Upward Belly

Answer 75

Cranial - brain Spinal - spinal cord

Answer 76

Thoracic cavity - heart, lungs, esophagus and trachea Protected by ribs, sternum and vertebrae Abdominopelvic cavity - Two parts abdominal organs ; stomach, liver, gallbladder, intestines Pelvic cavity ; urinary bladder and reproductive organs

Answer 77

Right lobe of liver and gallbladder, right kidney, small intestine, large intestine, head of pancreas

Answer 78

Stomach Spleen Left love of the liver Pancreas Left kidney Large intestine

Answer 79

Appendix Cecum Right ovary Right ureter Right spermatic cord Large intestine Right kidney

Answer 80

Small intestine Large intestine Left ovary Left ureter Left spermatic cord Left kidney

Answer 81

Abdomen Cartilage Stomach Pelvis Above, upon Under Pertaining to

Answer 82

Specific illness w recognizable group of signs and symptoms and a clear cause (infection, environment)

Answer 83

Group of signs and symptoms that occur together associated with condition

Answer 84

Disruption of the function or structure of body

Answer 85

How often disease occurs

Answer 86

# ppl newly diagnosed with disease

Answer 87

Severe , sudden onset of disease

Answer 88

Disease, disorder or syndrome longer than 6 months

Answer 89

Medical condition of the outcome of the disease or disorder process

Answer 90

Methods to avoid getting disease

Answer 91

Cause of disorder or disease

Answer 92

Something that’s measure or observed by others Ex - redness, swelling, edema, bp, pulse

Answer 93

Perceived by patient Ex - pain, headache, dizziness, nausea

Answer 94

Tests & procedures used to help diagnose or monitor a condition

Answer 95

Management of a disease or disorder , follow-up care Ex - meds, special diet, testing

Answer 96

Section Record Process of recording Instrument to view Process of viewing

Answer 97

Scope w camera attached to long thin tube that can be inserted into body

Answer 98

Non surgical procedure that uses an endoscope to view inside of body

Answer 99

Disease causing organism

Answer 100

Caused by single defective gene from one or both parents Dominant - 1 defective gene Recessive - both parents bad gene X linked - sex determination by father Dominant x - one defective X chromosome, females milder symptoms Recessive x - female would need two recessive x gene, male 1

Answer 101

Cannot be transmitted vs can be transmitted aka contagious

Answer 102

Substances created by microorganisms, plants, animals that are poisonous to humans

Answer 103

Body’s way of protecting itself

Answer 104

Erythema Edema Pain Warmth Loss of function

Answer 105

Protects body by remembering antigens from diseases and using antibodies to attempt to destroy harmful substances Sometimes can work against us Allergies - food, pets, dust, etc Autoimmunity - starts attacking itself Immunodeficiency- deficient in one or more of immune system key players (white blood cells)

Answer 106

Work Safety, protection Different, other Against Self Producing Condition

Answer 107

Gland Cancer Lymph Connective tissue Tumor, mass