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07. Year 2: Alimentary System > Anatomy Overview 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Overview 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In this picture, what are the vertical and horizontal lines?

A

Vertical are midclavicular lines

Horizontal lines are subcostal plane (superior) and transpyloric plane (inferior)

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2
Q

What are some examples of foregut diseases?

A

Peptic ulcer

Gastric disease

Bilary disease

Pancreatic disease

Hepatic disease

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3
Q

What are some examples of midgut diseases?

A

Appendicitis

Small bowel obstruction

‘Proximal’ colon cancer

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4
Q

What are some examples of hindgut diseases?

A

Large bowel obstruction

Diverticular disease

Carcinoma of colon

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5
Q

Why do we divide the abdomen into 9 areas?

A

To localise pain to understand what disease/pathology is causing it

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6
Q

How long is the oesophagus?

A

25cm

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7
Q

How many constrictions does the oesophagus have?

A

3

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8
Q

What are the 3 constrictions of the oesophagus?

A

Cervical (pharyngo-oesophageal)

Thoracic (broncho-aortic) cross by arch of aorta and left main bronchus

Diaphragmatic where is passes through the oesophageal hiatus

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9
Q

How far is the cervical constriction of the oesophagus from the incisor teeth?

A

15cm

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10
Q

How far is the thoracic constriction of the oesophagus from the incisor teeth?

A

22.5cm and 27.5cm

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11
Q

How far is the diaphragmatic constriction of the oesophagus from the incisor teeth?

A

40cm

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12
Q

Why is awareness of the 3 oesophagus constrictions important?

A

For passing instruments through the oesophagus into the stomach

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13
Q

What are the different parts of the stomach?

A

Cardia

Fundus

Body

Pyloric

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14
Q

What are the 2 curvatures of the stomach?

A

Greater curvature

Lesser curvature

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Control discharge of stomach contents into the duodenum

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16
Q

What is the stomach bed formed by?

A

Diaphragm, spleen, left kidney, adrenal gland, splenic artery, pancreas, transverse mesocolon and colon

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17
Q

What are some examples of clinical stomach issues?

A

Congenital pyloric stenosis

Carcinoma of the stomach

Gastric ulcers and vagotomy

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18
Q

What is congenital pyloric stenosis?

A

Thickening of the smooth muscle in the pyloris

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19
Q

Where does the liver lie relative to the ribs?

A

Deep to ribs 7 to 11 on the right side

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20
Q

What is the portal triad?

A

Distinctive component of a hepatic lobule found rubbing along each of the lobules corners that consists of branches of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and bile ducts

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21
Q

What is the portal triad formed from?

A

Hepatic artery

Hepatic portal vein

Bile ducts

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22
Q

What do bilary ducts carry?

A

Bile from the liver to the gallbladder

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23
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver

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24
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Stored and concentrated in the gallbladder

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25
Q

What is the artery of the gallbladder?

A

Cystic artery

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26
Q

Where does the cystic artery lie?

A

In the triangle of calot

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27
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

Accessory digestive gland

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28
Q

What kind of gland is the pancreas?

A

Both exocrine and endocrine

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29
Q

What does the exocrine pancreas produce?

A

Pancreatic juice

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30
Q

What does the endocrine pancreas produce?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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31
Q

What are the different parts of the pancreas?

A

Head

Neck

Body

Tail

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32
Q

Where is the portal vein formed relative to the pancreas?

A

Behind the neck of the pancreas

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33
Q

What is the spleen?

A

Mobile haemo-lymphoid organ located in the left hypochondrium

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34
Q

What is the spleen covered by?

A

Completely covered by peritoneum except for the hilium

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35
Q

Where is the spleen relative to the ribs?

A

Related to ribs 9 to 11 on the left side

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36
Q

What is the most frequently injured abdominal organ?

A

Spleen

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37
Q

What is a typical disease of the spleen?

A

Splenomegaly due to anaemia or typhoid fever

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38
Q

What supplies blood to the foregut?

A

Celiac trunk

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39
Q

Where does the celiac trunk originate?

A

Abdominal aorta (level T12)

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40
Q

What are the main branches of the celiac trunk?

A

Left gastric artery

Hepatic artery

Splenic artery

41
Q

What are some examples of midgut structures?

A

Small intestine including most of duodenum

Cecum

Appendix

Ascending colon

Right half to 2/3rds of the transverse colon

42
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

Shortest, widest and most fixed part of the small intestine

43
Q

What recieves secretions from the bile and pancreatic duct?

A

2nd part of duodenum

44
Q

Explain the differences between the jejunum and the ileum?

A
45
Q

Explain differences in colour of the jejunum and ileum?

A

Jejunum is deeper red

Ileum is pale pink

46
Q

Explain the differences in the wall of the jejunum and ileum?

A

Jejunum is thick and heavy

Ileum is thin and light

47
Q

Explain the differences in the vascularity of the jejunum and ileum?

A

Jejunum is greater

Ileum is less

48
Q

Explain the difference in the vasa recta of the jejunum and ileum?

A

Jejunum is long

Ileum is short

49
Q

Explain the difference in the arcades of the jejunum and ileum?

A

Jejunum has a few large loops

Ileum has many short loops

50
Q

Explain the difference in the lymphoid nodules of the jejunum and ileum?

A

Jejunum has a few

Ileum has many

51
Q

Explain the difference in the fat in the mesentery of the jejunum and ileum?

A

Jejunum has less

Ileum has more

52
Q

What supplies blood to the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

53
Q

What is the origin of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

Abdominal aorta (level L1)

54
Q

What is the superior mesenteric artery crossed by anteriorly?

A

Splenic vein and neck of pancreas

55
Q

What are some branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

Jejunal (main)

Ileal (main)

Middle colic

Right colic

Iliocolic

56
Q

What are some hindgut structures?

A

Left one third of transverse colon

Descending colon

Sigmoid colon

Rectum

Upper part of anal canal

also includes epithelium of the urinary bladder and most of the urethra

57
Q
A
58
Q

What artery supplies the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

59
Q

How can the large intestine be distinguished from the small intestine?

A

Omental appendices

Haustra or saculations

Teniae coli

60
Q

What are omental appendices?

A

Small, fatty, peritoneal like projections

61
Q

What are teniae coli?

A

Thickened bands of smooth muscle

62
Q

What is haustra?

A

Small pouches caused by sacculation

63
Q

What is the appendix?

A

Blind intestinal diverticulum with masses of lymphatic tissue

64
Q

How can the appendix change from one person to the next?

A

The position of it is variable

65
Q

What is the most common position of the appendix?

A

Retrocecal

66
Q

What is the site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis called?

A

Macburney’s point

67
Q

Where does the inferior mesenteric artery originate?

A

Abdominal aorta (level L3)

68
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Left colic

Sigmoid arteries

Superior rectal artery

69
Q

What is the terminal branch of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Superior rectal artery

70
Q

What is the pelvis part of the gut tube?

A

Rectum

71
Q

Where is the rectum found?

A

At the retro-sigmoid junction, anterior to vertebrae S3

72
Q

What sphincters does the anal canal contain?

A

External anal sphincter (voluntary)

Internal anal sphincter (involuntary)

73
Q

What structures are palpated in a rectal examination for men?

A

Prostate and seminal gland

Collections in retrovesical fossa

Ischial spines and tuberosites

Enlarged internal iliac lymph nodes, swelling in the ischipinal fossa

Sacram and coccyx

74
Q

What structures are palpated in a rectal examination for females?

A

Cervix

Rectouterine fossa

Ischial spines and tuberosites

Enlarged internal iliac lymph nodes, swelling in the ischipinal fossa

Sacram and coccyx

75
Q

What gives the parasympathetic innervation to abdominal organs?

A

Vagas nerve (cranial nerve 10) for foregut and midgut

Pelciv splanchnic nerves (S2-S4) for hindgut

76
Q

What cranial nerve is the vagus nerve?

A

10th cranial nerve

77
Q

Where do the pelvic splanchnic nerve originate?

A

S2 to S4

78
Q

What sympathetic nerves innervate the abdominal organs?

A

Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater T5-T9, lesser T10-T11 and least T12)

Abdominal aortic plexus

79
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerves that innervate abdominal organs originate?

A

T5-L2/L3

80
Q

What are the vertebrae levels of the greater abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves?

A

T5-T9

81
Q

What are the vertebrae levels of the lesser abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves?

A

T10-T11

82
Q

What are the vertebrae levels of the least abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves?

A

T12

83
Q

What is venous drainage of the gut done by?

A

Portal vein

84
Q

Where does the portal vein travel blood from and to?

A

From the GI tract including the spleen, pancreas and gallbladder to the liver

85
Q

What is the portal vein formed by?

A

Union of the splenic vein and the supeior mesenteric vein

86
Q

Where is the portal vein found?

A

Behind neck of pancreas (L2)

87
Q

What are some sites of porto-systemic anastomoses?

A

Anarectal junction

Gastroesophageal junction

Around the umbilicus

88
Q

What major vessel drains lymph from the abdomen?

A

Thoracic duct

89
Q

What do lymphatic vessel run along?

A

Corresponding arteries

90
Q

Where do lymphatic nodes form groups?

A

Around their major arteries and abdominal aorta

91
Q

What are the 3 terminal groups of lymphatic lymph nodes?

A

Pre-aortic

Lateral aortic

Retro-aortic

92
Q

What are examples of pre-aortic lymph nodes?

A

Celiac nodes

Superior mesenteric nodes

Inferior mesenteric nodes

93
Q

What do pre-aortic lymph nodes drain?

A

Organs supplied by anterior branches of aorta

94
Q

What do lateral aortic nodes drain?

A

Organs supplied by lateral aortic branches

95
Q

What do retro-aortic nodes drain?

A

Posteror abdominal wall

96
Q

What lymph nodes are foregut structures drained by?

A

Celiac group

97
Q

What lymph nodes are midgut structures drained by?

A

Superior mesenteric group

98
Q

What lymph nodes are hindgut structures drained by?

A

Inferior mesenteric group

99
Q

Why is knowledge of lymphatic drainage essential?

A

To understand the spread of cancer

07. Year 2: Alimentary System (41 decks)

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