Anatomy of VC

Question 1

What is the structure of VC?

Answer 1

Strong, Flexible segmented rod bones + fibrocartilage + ligament + muscles.

Question 2

What is the regions Of VC?

Answer 2

1- [7 Cervical]
2- [12 Thoracic]
3- [5 Lumbar]
4- [5 Sacral] fused
5- [4 Coccygeal] fused

Question 3

Describe the curvature of VC

Answer 3

• Cervical lordosis [2 curvature]
• Thoracic kyphosis [1 curvature]
• lumbar lordosis [2 curvature]
• Sacral kyphosis [1 curvature ]

[lordosis على داخل = Concave] & [kyphosis على برا = convex]

Question 4

List some curvature abnormalities of the VC

Answer 4

1- Kyphosis على برا: of 1 curvature [thoracic]
Because of structural changes in the vertebral bodies or IV discs
A- Disease based kyphosis: Crush fracture or tuberculous,
B- Senile kyphosis: [in the aged]. Osteoporosis lead to [C,T,L kyphosis].
——————————————————————————————–
2- Lordosis على داخل: of the 2 curvature [Cervical, lumbar]
Because of obesity [increase weight of abdominal content] or
Because of pregnancy [gravid uterus]
——————————————————————————————–
3- Scoliosis يمين او يسار: lateral deviation.
Because of poliomyelitis or congenital hemivertebra
Stress on the back increase from the C to L region + LBP is common

Question 5

VC and cancer…

Answer 5

• V are common sites of metastatic diseases.
• Cancer cell grow within VB —> Interrupt normal bone cell TURNOVER [resorption & replacement] —> Bone destruction + destroying of the mechanical properties of the bone —> Minor injury lead to V collapse.
• V that contain extensive metastatic disease = will extrude the fragment of tumor into VC —-> compression of nerves and spinal cord.

Question 6

list the features of the typical vertebra.

Answer 6

1- Body. [ant]
2- Vertebral arch [pedicles & laminae]. [post]
3- Transverse processes. [lat]
4- Spinous processes. [post]
5- Articular processes. [sup & inf]
7- vertebral foramina —- form a continuous passageway termed v. canal = conveys the spinal cord and its coverage.

Question 7

Features of cervical vertebrae? [C3-C7]

Answer 7

• Small body.
• Triangular vertebral foramen.
• Transverse foramina.
• Bifid spinous process.
• Large IV disc.

Question 8

Features of Atlas [C1]

Answer 8

• NO body & NO spinous process.
• Transvers foramina.
• Ant & post. arches.
• Articulates with occiput above via elongated condyles [A-P]

Question 9

Features of Axis [C2]

Answer 9

• Dens [odontoid process زي السن].
• Facet for Ant. arch of atlas.
• Articulates with C1 via flattened horizontal condyles.

Question 10

Features of C7 [Cervical prominens].

Answer 10

• Longest spinous process.

Question 11

Features of T.V

Answer 11

• Medium size, heart shape body.
• Circular VF.
• Long spinous process.
• Long transverse processes.
• costal facets:
  1- 2 hemi facets on body.
  2- 1 facet TP.

Question 12

Features of L.V

Answer 12

• Large kidney shape body.
• Thick IV disc.
• Long, slender TP.
• Short SP.
  [NO T & C features].

Question 13

Features of Sacral & Coccygeal V

Answer 13

1- Sacral: 2-Coccygeal:

• Base [Sup.]: Artcu. with L5 - Small, fused.
• Apex [Inf.] : Artcu. with coccyx
• Sacral promontory: Ant. & upper margin of S1 & bulges forward.
• Sacral canal & Sacral hiatus.
• Sacral foramina [ventral & dorsal].
• Lumbosacral surface.

Question 14

What is the components of sacral canal?

Answer 14

Contain [Cauda equina] = contain sacral & coccygeal spinal nerves.

Question 15

How the sacral hiatus is formed?

Answer 15

The laminae of the S5 fail to meet in the midline.

Question 16

What pass through sacral foramina?

Answer 16

Ant. & Post. surface of sacrum have 4 sacral foramina.
4 Ant.[ventral] & 4 Post.[dorsal]
passage of the Ant. & Post. rami of the upper four [Sacral nerve]

Question 17

list the sacral ligaments

Answer 17

1- Sacrospinous ligament = Connects the ischial spine to the Lat. border of sacrum.
2- Sacrotuberus ligament = Connect the ischial tuberosity to the Lat. border of sacrum.

Question 18

Function of SS & ST ligaments?

Answer 18

Prevent the lower end of sacrum and coccyx from upward rotation at SI joint.

Question 19

List the VC joints.

Answer 19

1- Atlanto Occipital joints.
2- Atalntoaxial joints.
3- Joints between V bodies.
= [Ant. IV discs anulus & nucleus]
&
[Post. IV plane synovial between V arches & facets joints].

Question 20

AO joints.

Answer 20

• 2 synovial joints.
• Between:
  Occipital condyles [Sup.]
  &
  Facets on the Sup. surface of the Lat. masses of ATLAS [Inf.]

Question 21

AA joints.

Answer 21

• 3 synovial joints.
• 1 between odontoid process[dens] of AXIS&Ant. arch of ATLAS*.
• 2 between the lat. masses of ATLAS & AXIS*.

Question 22

Site of exit of spinal nerves?

Answer 22

I.V foramen.

Question 23

IV foramen located between ……. of adjacent V

Answer 23

Pedicles

Question 24

Injury of I.V foramen will affects…

Answer 24

Root of spinal nerve.

Question 25

Function of IV discs

Answer 25

1- [Anulus] = Keep V bodies together. 2- [Nucleus] = Keep V bodies apart 3- Bear & distribute loads [compressive loads].

Question 26

Structure of IV discs

Answer 26

1- Anulus fibrosus: - Laminae resist rotation [half in each direction] - Thinnest post. 2- Nucleus pulposus [fluid]: - Located Post. - Decreased water content with age

Question 27

most be injured even with small movement and forces?

Answer 27

IV discs

Question 28

most susceptible in flexion & rotation?

Answer 28

IV discs

Question 29

No blood supply to IV discs? T OR F

Answer 29

TRUE.

Question 30

Nerve supply of IV discs?

Answer 30

*Recurrent meningeal* [nerve to outer one third of annulus].

Question 31

The majority of herniated discs occurs in the....

Answer 31

1- Lumbar spine [L4-L5 OR L5-S1] | 2- Cervical region [C5-C6 OR C6-C7]

Question 32

Movement possible on the VC

Answer 32

- F/E - Lat.F [Left&right] - Rotation [Left&right] - Circumduction