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ANAT BLOCK 4 > Anatomy of Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands > Flashcards

Anatomy of Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Flashcards

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1
Q

what is formed between the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal pouches

A

thyroid gland

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2
Q

what starts as an endodermal thickening of cells in the midline of the floor of the pharynx

A

thyroid gland

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3
Q

what is the adult structure of the close thyroglossal duct

A

foramen ceacum

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4
Q

what are the three layers of cervical viscera in the neck

A
  • endocrine layer
  • respiratory layer
  • alimentary layer
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5
Q

what two things are in the endocrine layer of the neck

A

thyroid and parathyroid

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6
Q

what two things are in the respiratory layer of the neck

A

larynx and trachea

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7
Q

what two things are in the alimentary layer of the neck

A

pharynx and esophagus

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8
Q

what produces hormones that are relased in the blood and do not have ducts, endocrine or exocrine?

A

endocrine

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9
Q

what are the two hormone secreting glands in the endocrine layer

A

parathyroid and thyroid

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10
Q

what is the largest endocrine gland in the body

A

thyroid gland

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11
Q

what does the thyroid gland produce

A

T3 and T4

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12
Q

what controls the rate of metabolism

A

T3 and T4

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13
Q

what does calcitonin do

A

controls calcium metabolism

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14
Q

calcitonin can do what t calcium levels in the blood

A

reduce them

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15
Q

what hormone do the parathyroid glands produce

A

parathormone

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16
Q

what does parathormone do

A

controls the metabolism of phosphorus and calcium in blood

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17
Q

what does parathormone do that is opposite from what the thyroid gland does

A

it increase calcium levels

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18
Q

what 3 things do the parathyroid glands target

A

skeleton
kidney
intestine

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19
Q

where is the thyroid gland located

A

deep to sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles and in the anterior part of the neck at the level of C5-T1

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20
Q

what is the bridge between the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland called

A

isthmus

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21
Q

what is the most common location of the isthmus

A

2nd and 3rd tracheal rings

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22
Q

if you accidentally cut the isthmus what will happen

A

patient will die of profuse bleeding

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23
Q

thyroid gland is surrounded by what

A

thyroid gland capsule ( fibrous)

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24
Q

what sends septa deep into the thyroid gland

A

the thin fiborus capsule around it

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25
Q

what connected the thyroid capsule to the cricoid cartilage and superior tracheal rings

A

dense CT

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26
Q

what is external to the thyroid capsule

A

a loose sheath that is formed by the visceral portion of pretracheal layer

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27
Q

pre tracheal layer is deep to..

A

deep cervial layer

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28
Q

if the superior thyroid artery isn’t ligated then what happens

A

profuse bleeding

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29
Q

superior thyroid artery is a branch of what

A

external carotid artery

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30
Q

what are the two main arteries that supply the thyroid

A

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

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31
Q

what vessels lie between the fibrous capsule and loose fascial sheath

A

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

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32
Q

what is the 1st branch of the external carotid artery

A

superior thyroid artery

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33
Q

what divides into anterior and posterior branches that supplies mainly the anteriosuperior aspect of the thyroid gland

A

superior thyroid artery

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34
Q

what nerve joins superior thyroid artery

A

external laryngeal nerve

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35
Q

what nerve has to be damaged for you to not be able to speak loudly?

A

external laryngeal nerve

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36
Q

what nerve is easily damaged in surgery and can result in a permanent whisper

A

external laryngeal nerve

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37
Q

what does the external laryngeal nerve innervate

A

cricothyroid muscle

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38
Q

what does the cricothyroid muscle connect

A

cricoid and thyroid

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39
Q

what is the largest branch if the thyrocervical trunk?

A

inferior thyroid arteries

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40
Q

what does the thyrocervical trunk arises form what

A

subclavian arteries

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41
Q

what aspect of the thyroid does the inferior thyroid artery go to

A

the posterior aspect

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42
Q

what divides into several branches and pierces the pre-tracheal layer of the deep cervical fascia to supply the inferior part of the thyroid gland

A

inferior thyroid arteries

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43
Q

what are the three branches of the thyrocervical trunk q

A
  • transverse cervical a.
  • supra clavicular a.
  • inferior thyroid a.
44
Q

inferior thyroid artery also supplies what

A

parathyroid glands

45
Q

what is the accessory artery that can supply the isthmus

A

thyroid ima artery

46
Q

how many people gave a small unpaired thyroid ima artery

A

10%

47
Q

where does the thyroid ima artery arise from

A

brachiocephalic trunk

48
Q

the thyroid ima artery arises from the brachiocephalic trunk but where else can it arise from

A

the arch of the aorta

49
Q

where can thyroid ima arise from

A
  • right common carotid
  • subclavian
  • internal thoracic
  • arch of aorta
  • brachiocephalic trunk
50
Q

the presence of what must be thought about when performing procedures in the midline of the neck inferior to the isthmus

A

thyroid ima a.

51
Q

superior thyroid veins accompany what

A

superior thyroid a.

52
Q

what runs parallel and course with the inferior thyroid artery

A

middle thyroid veins

53
Q

what drains middle lobes of thyroid? supeiror ones?

A
  • middle thryoid veins

- superior thyroid veins

54
Q

superior and middle thyroid veins drain to where

A

internal jugular vein

55
Q

inferior thyroid vein drains to what

A

brachiocephalic vein

56
Q

blood pressure in the inferior thyroid vein is close to negative and or 0 what does this mean if it is severed

A

that an air bubble can be sucked into it and it can go to the heart and lungs and cause embolism

57
Q

what is the most common endocrine cancer

A

thyroid cancer

58
Q

what are the two common factors that can cause thyroid cancer

A

low iodine

radiation

(lymphomas around neck )

59
Q

where do the lymphatic vessels of the thyroid gland run

A

in interlobular CT

60
Q

pre-laryngeal, pre tracheal, and paratracheal lymph nodes drain to where

A

superior (prelaryngeal) and inferior 9 pre tracheal and paratracheal)deep cervical nodes

61
Q

why is it that metastis from thyroid can be found in the lungs

A

becuase some lymph drain to the brachiocephalic lymp nodes and thoracic duct

62
Q

where are the nerves to the thyroid gland derived from

A

superior, middle, and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia ( autonomic NS)

63
Q

how do the nerves to the thyroid reach the gland

A

through the cardiac and superior and inferior periarterial plexuses

64
Q

what regulates the endocrine secreation from the thyroid gland

A

pituitary gland

65
Q

secretomotor fibers are fibers that do what

A

they stimulate production of hormone

66
Q

what is the easist ganglia to see behind the thyroid gland

A

middle cervical sympathetic ganglia

67
Q

when the thyroid is descending through the thyroglossal duct cyst how does it pass by the hyoid

A

anterior to it

68
Q

what is the size of a thyroglossal cyst

A

1cm-4cm

69
Q

what epithelium will be in the thyroglossal cyst

A

squamos

70
Q

how many thyroid glands have a pyramidal lobe

A

50%

71
Q

what may continue from the apex of the pyramidal lobe to the hyoid

A

a band connective tissue

72
Q

what does the pyramidal lobe and the CT band develop from

A

remnants of the epithelium and CT of thyroglossal duct

73
Q

what is a common cause of goiter

A

iodine insufficiency

74
Q

what can occur during menstruation and pregnancy

A

goiter

75
Q

goiter can compress what

A

trachea
esophagus
laryngeal nerves

76
Q

why can the goiter not move superiorly

A

because of attachments of the sternohyoid muscles and sternithyroid

77
Q

what extension of goiter is common

A

substernal extension

78
Q

are goiters associated with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism

A

hypothyroidism

79
Q

why are most goiters due to iodine deficiency

A

because the thyroid enlarges to trap more iodine

80
Q

low production of T3 and T4 by thyroid gland will cause what

A

increased production of pituitary gland

81
Q

what do the eyelids of someone with hyperthyroidism have

A

lid lag

82
Q

what is thyroidism that develops in infancy or early childhood called

A

creitinism

83
Q

umbilical hernia and short stature is common in who

A

children with cretinism

84
Q

this condition happens later in life, when you were in urtero thyroid hormon and iodine levels where fine but when you were 5 you moved to an area with iodine deficeny what is it called now that you have hypothyroidism

A

myxedema ( gull disease)

85
Q

what is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the states

A

inflammation of thyroid gland

86
Q

in what disease do speech become slowed and the voice becomes deeper

A

myxedema

87
Q

what peopel are usually cold an obese

A

people with myxedema

88
Q

what is the benign tumor that usually stays in the thryoir gland called

A

thyroid adenomas

89
Q

thyroid adenomas are aslo known as what

A

follicular adenomas

90
Q

what are the 4 different types of thyroid carcinomas

A
  • papillary carcinoma
  • follicular carcinoma
  • anaplastic carcinoma
  • medullary carcinaoma
91
Q

what is the most common thyroid carcinoma

A

papillary carinoma

92
Q

what is the worst carcinoma

A

anaplastic carcinoma

93
Q

graves disease is a common cause of what

A

hyperthyroidism

94
Q

who is more affected by graves

A

women

95
Q

superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of what

A

vagus nerve

96
Q

the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve inn what

A

cricothyroid muscle

97
Q

on the left, where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve is beneath what

A

it is beneath the aorta

98
Q

on the right what is the recurrent laryngeal nerve beneath

A

the subclavian artery

99
Q

the right recurrent laryngeal nerve comes from what

A

vagus nerve

100
Q

when the recurrent laryngeal nerve is on the right it is called what

A

inferior laryngeal nerve

101
Q

what nerve is is intimately related to the inferior thyroid artery

A

right recurrent laryngeal nerve

102
Q

what provides sensory innervation to the vocal cords

A

the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

103
Q

what increases the conversion of vitamin D

A

PTH

104
Q

PTH increases urinary phosphate excretion and decreases what

A

serum phosphate levels

105
Q

PTH induces resorption of what

A

bones

106
Q

when there are contractions of the muscles of the eye, mouth, or nose after tapping along the course of the fascial nerve what sign is this

A

Chvostek sign

107
Q

what is it when there are carpal spasms produced by occlusion of the circulation to the forearm and hand with a blood pressure cuff placed around the arm and inflated to a pressure greater than the systolic blood pressure and held in place for 3 minutes

A

Trousseau Sign

ANAT BLOCK 4 (4 decks)

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