Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 1: LSS 1 > Anatomy of the Thorax > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

How do ribs articulate posteriorly?

A

With the vertebral column anteriorly, including head neck and tubercle of the rib forming the costovertebral joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where do the costal cartilages attach to the sternum?

A

1- manubrium
2- munubriosternal join
3-7 - body of the sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do ribs articulate anteriorly?

A

With the costal cartilages forming costochondral joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What forms the costal margin?

A

10th rib and costal cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What forms the thoracic inlet?

A

1st thoracic vertebra
1st ribs
Manubrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What level is the sternal angle?

A

T4/T5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens at the sternal angle?

A

Apex of the aortic arch

Bifurcation of the trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the contents of the thoracic inlet?

A 
Great vessels heading for the neck and upper limb 
Oesophagus 
Trachea 
Nerves 
Lymphatics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is the lung tissue with most capacity for lung expansion located?

A

Lower parts of thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which direction do external intercostal muscles travel?

A

Downwards and laterally from the lower border of the rib above to the rib below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of breathing do external intercostals aid in?

A

Quiet and forced inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of breathing do internal intercostals aid in?

A

Forced expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which layers surround the neurovascular bundle?

A

Internal intercostal muscles and innermost intercostal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the most superior structure of the neurovascular bundle?

A

Vein
Artery
Nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where must a chest drain be places?

A

Inferior part of intercostal space to avoid neurovascular bundle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the posterior and anterior intercostal arteries branches of?

A

Posterior - aorta

Anterior - internal thoracic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the internal thoracic artery a branch of?

A

Subclavian artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many pairs of intercostal nerves are there?

A

11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which nerve supplies the 12th rib?

A

Subcostal nerve from T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What runs through the mediastinum?

A 
Heart 
Great vessels 
Oesophagus 
Trachea 
Thymus 
Thoracic duct 
Lymph nodes 
Vagus nerves
Phrenic nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A 
Skull
Vertebra 
Sacrum 
Ribs 
Hyoid bone of throat in the neck
Sternum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are the upper limbs attached to the axial skeleton?

A

Bones in upper limb girdle and muscles covering most of chest wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which are the bones in the upper limb girdle?

A

Clavicle and scapulae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which are the 33 types of vertebrae?

A 
7 Cervical 
12 Thoracic 
5 Lumbar 
5 Sacral 
4 Coccygeal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What forms a synovial joint?

A

Costal cartilage and sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the most superficial of the pectoral region of muscles?

A

Pectoralis major

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the two heads of the pectoralis major?

A

Clavicular

Sternocostal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis major?

A

Adduct the arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where do the muscle fibres of the pectoralis major insert?

A

Fibres converge to form flat tendon which insert into lateral tip of humerus
Insertion is where muscle exerts the action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What underlies the pectoralis major?

A

Pectoralis minor

Subclavius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where does the subclavius originate?

A

Junction between rib I and costal cartilage of inferior surface of the middle third of clavicle
Passes laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the purpose of the subclavius

A

Pulls clavicle medially to stabilise sternoclavicular joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the function of the pectoralis minor?

A

Depresses the tip of the shoulder, protecting the scapula.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What causes notching on the ribs?

A

Erosion of ribs by dilation of intercostal arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is coarction of the artery?

A

Congenital manifestion where the aorta is constricted, usually ocurring in the left subclavian artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

From where does the trachea extend?

A

C6 to T4/5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the lowest ring of the trachea?

A

Carina (has a hook)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where is the main bronchi formed?

A

T4/5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where are the lobar bronchi formed?

A

Within lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What do the lobar bronchi supply?

A

Lobes of lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What do the segmental bronchi supply?

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How many lobes does each lung have?

A

Right- 3 (Superior, inferior, middle)

Left - 2 (Superior, inferior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Why is anything inhaled more likely to enter the right lung rather than the left?

A

The right bronchi is wider and more vertical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in each lung?

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How are the lungs attached to the heart?

A

Pulmonary vessels and trachea through the hilium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the three borders of the lung?

A

Costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How can a stab wound in the neck cause lung damage?

A

Lung can extend into supraclavicular fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What does the diaphragm separate the lungs from?

A

Right lung- right lobe of liver

Left lung - left lobe of liver, stomach, spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which fissures separate the lobes in the right lung?

A

Oblique and horizontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the lingular lobe?

A

What would have been the third lobe of the left lobe which becomes vestigial as heart takes up the space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is in the root of the lung?

A 
Two pulmonary artery 
Two pulmonary veins 
Primary bronchus 
Bronchial arteries and nerves 
Plumonary plexus of nerves 
Lymph nodes and vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

In the lung root, what are the most anterior, posterior and inferior structures?

A

Anterior - pulmonary vein
Inferior - another pulmonary vein
Posterior - Primary bronchus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are the hiatuses of the diaphragm?

A

T8- Vena caval hiatus (and phrenic nerve)
T10 - Oesophageal hiatus
T12- Aortic hiatus (and thoracic duct, lymph vessels and azygous system of veins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the margin of the diaphragm attached to?

A

Costal margin
Xiphoid process
Ribs 10 & 11
Lumbar vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Where is the jugular notch?

A

Above manubrium
Between medial ends of clavicle
Where is the

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Where is the fourth intercostal space

A

Usually level with the male nipple

Female nipple is lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Where is the midaxillary line?

A

Lateral ends of clavicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the first palpable vertebra?

A

C7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Where is the superior edge of the scapula?

A

T2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Where is the medial edge of the scapula?

A

T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What runs level with the inferior edge of the scapula?

A

T7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What runs level with the iliac crests?

A

L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is half way between T7 and L4?

A

T12

64
Q

What is the cardiac notch?

A

At 4th costal cartilage, lateral deviation of 4-5cm where heart lies

65
Q

What are the surface markings of the lung?

A

Rib 6, 8 9 from sternum to midclavicular line to midaxilliary line

66
Q

Where does the oblique fissure meet the horizontal fissue?

A

Mid-axilliary line

67
Q

Where is the oblique fissure marked?

A

T3/6th costal cartilage

68
Q

Where is the horizontal fissure marked?

A

T4, running horizontally to meet oblique fissure

69
Q

Where is the biggest impression in left lung?

A

Impression of aorta, arches over hilium and enters left atrium of heart

70
Q

What is the anterior impression near the apex of the lungs?

A

Left and right brachiocephalic vein

71
Q

What is the posterior impression near the apex of the lungs ?

A

Left and right subclavian artery

72
Q

What is the impression above the hilium of the right lung?

A

Azygous vein which enters the vena cava

73
Q

From where does the mediastinum extend?

A

Superior thoracic inlet to diaphragm

Sternum to vertebrae

74
Q

What are the boundaries of the superior mediastinum?

A

From the superior thoracic aperture to the sternal angle

75
Q

What are the areas of the inferior mediastinum?

A

Anterior (anterior to pericardium)
Middle (contains heart and pericardium)
Posterior (posterior to pericardium and extends all the way down

76
Q

What do the posterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

Azygous veins

77
Q

What does the azygous vein drain into?

A

Superior vena cava

78
Q

What do the left superior intercostal veins drain into?

A

Left brachiocephalic vein

79
Q

Which arteries are located in the superior mediastinum?

A

ascending aorta, Arch of aorta, thoracic aorta

80
Q

From where do the vertebral arteries arise?

A

Subclavian arteries

81
Q

What are the main arteries of the head and neck?

A

The external and internal common carotid’s which arise from the common carotid artery at the level of the jaw

82
Q

What is the purpose of the ligamentum arteriosus?

A

Connects the pulmonary trunk to the inferior surface of the aortic arch

83
Q

What arteries supply each lung?

A

Left and right pulmonary arteries which arise from the pulmonary trunk

84
Q

What is the motor supply of the diaphragm?

A

C3, C4, C5

85
Q

To reach the diaphragm, which structure does the right phrenic nerve lie on the side of?

A

Right brachiocephalic vein
Superior vena cava,
Right side of the heart and pericardium
Passes anteriorly to the lung root

86
Q

What is the somatic nerve supply to the heart?

A

Vagus nerves

87
Q

Where does the left vagus nerve pass?

A

Lateral to the common carotid
Anterior to the arch of the aorta
Posterior to the pulmonary trunk

88
Q

What is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve a branch off?

A

Left vagus nerve, underneath the ligamentum arteriosum

89
Q

Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve branch off?

A

Right subclavian artery

90
Q

What are commonly used techniques for imaging of the chest?

A

CAT scan
MRI
Radiography

91
Q

What is an x ray commonly done in the postero-anterior direction?

A

Heart is closest to the film and not distorted

92
Q

What is a pulmonary artery angiogram?

A

Radioplaque material passed through the pulmonary artery and is imaged as it passes through the arterial trunk

93
Q

When a barium meal is given during a radiograph, what three impressions can be seen on the oesophagus?

A

Aortic arch
Left main bronchus
Left atrium

94
Q

What is lung hilar lymphodenopathy?

A

The abnormal enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes

Caused by sarcoidosis and lymphoma

95
Q

What are dermotomes?

A

Areas of skin which are innervated by single spinal nerves

96
Q

What are myotomes?

A

Areas of skeletal muscle that are innervated by a single spinal nerve

97
Q

What are the main somatic nerves of the throax?

A 
Intercostal nerves (T1-T11) 
Subcostal nerves (T12)
Phrenic nerves (C3 C4 C5)
98
Q

What happens if there is damage to the spinal chord above C4?

A

The skeletal muscle of the diaphragm is disconnected from the respiratory centre of the brainstem leading to death by asphyxia

99
Q

How does the right phrenic nerve reach the diaphragm?

A

Runs down neck in muscles arising from transverse cervical processes and enters mediastinum
Follow the path of the right internal jugular vein as it joins the right subclavian vein to form the right brachiocephalic vein.
Follows the RBV and the right atrium via the fibrous pericardium
Follows the inferior vena cava and to the diaphragm at the vena caval hiatus and reaches the inferior surface of the diaphragm

100
Q

How does the left phrenic nerve reach the diaphram?

A

Follows the left common carotid artery until the level of the subclavian artery then passes over the aortic arch and pulmonary trunk to reach the anterolateral surface of the pericardium overlying the left ventricle

101
Q

Where do phrenic nerves pass in respect to the lung root?

A

Anterior to lung root

102
Q

Where is diaphragmatic pain felt?

A

Top of shoulder

Base of neck

103
Q

Where do sympathetic pre-ganglionic trunks lie?

A

The spinal chord between T1-L2

104
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves to the body wall synapse?

A

Sympathetic trunk

105
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves to viscera synapse?

A

Unpaired ganglia

106
Q

How do fibres from lower T5-T12 reach the abdomen?

A

In bundles called splanchnic nerves

107
Q

Which five sets of nerves contain parasympathetic fibres?

A 
Occulomotor (III) cranial 
Facial (VII) cranial 
Glossopharyngeal (IX) cranial 
Vagus (X) cranial 
Sacral (L2-L4) spinal nerves
108
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves to the lungs and heart originate?

A

T2-T4

Passing through cervical and upper thoracic ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

109
Q

What is the affect of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves on the bronchioles?

A

Sympathetic- dilate

Parasympathetic- constrict

110
Q

What do sympathetic and parasympathetic afferents relay from the hear?

A

Sympathetic- pain sensations

Parasympathetic - blood pressure and chemistry information

111
Q

What is the course of the vagus nerves?

A

From cranial nerve X
From medulla, leaves head through jugular foramina.
Passes postero-laterally to the common carotid artery.
Left vagus nerve passes anteriorly to aortic arch and posteriorly to lung root
Right vagus nerve passes posteriorly to lung roots
The two meet and form plexi at oesophagus
Split to form anterior and posterior oesophageal/gastric nerves

112
Q

Which branch of the vagus nerve is not parasympathetic?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Runs back up to supply most skeletal muscles of the larynx

113
Q

How does the right vagal fibre continue through the diaphragm?

A

As the posterior oesophageal nerve

114
Q

How does the left vagal fibre continue through the diaphragm

A

As the anterior oesophageal nerve

115
Q

Where is pain from the heart felt?

A

In armpit

T2-T4 dermatomes

116
Q

How would an outline of the heart be drawn

A

On the right:
1st costal cartilage, 1 cm from sternal border
6th costal cartilage, 1 cm from sternal border

On the left:
2nd costal cartilage, 1cm from sternal border
5th costal cartilage, midclavicular line

117
Q

Where would you auscultate the aortic valve?

A

Right upper sternal border

2nd intercostal space

118
Q

Where would you auscultate the pulmonary valve?

A

Left upper sternal border

2nd intercostal space

119
Q

Where would you auscultate the tricuspid valve?

A

Left 5th costosternal border

120
Q

Where would you auscultate the mitral valve?

A

Left 5th intercostal space at apex beat

121
Q

In which groove does the right coronary artery lie?

A

Right atrioventricular groove

122
Q

How many lymph nodes are there in humans?

A

600-700

123
Q

How long is a lymph node?

A

2.5 cm

124
Q

Where are lymph nodes most commonly located?

A

Armpits
Groin
Neck

125
Q

Where does lymph from the deep inguinal nodes drain into?

A

Into iliac arteries to para aortic arteries
Along with lymph from pre-aorta arteries, lymph collects in cysterna chyli
Then drains into thoracic duct and then the left brachiocephalic vein

126
Q

Where does the cysterna chyli drain lympph from?

A

Abdomen
Pelvin
Perineum
Lower Limbs

127
Q

At what level does the thoracic duct begin?

A

L2

128
Q

How does the thoracic duct enter the thorax?

A

Through the aortic hiatus

Posterior to the oesophagus

129
Q

At what level does the thoracic duct cross over to the left?

A

T5

130
Q

Where does lymph from the thoracic wall drain into?

A

Parasternal nodes
Intercostal nodes
Diaphragmatic nodes

131
Q

Which vessels drain lymph from the lungs?

A

Tracheobronchial

132
Q

Which vessels drain lymph from the heart?

A

Tracheobronchial

Brachiocephalic

133
Q

Which vessels drain lymph from the posterior mediastinum?

A

Nodes of the aorta recieve lymoh from the oesophagus, liver and pericardium
This drain into the thoracic duct and the posterior mediastinal vessels

134
Q

From which ribs does the female breast extend?

A

2-6

135
Q

What type of tissue is the mammary gland?

A

Modified and specialised apocrine tissue

136
Q

When do mammary ridges develop?

A

In the fourth week after gestation

137
Q

When does the mammary gland develop?

A

Six week gestation

From the primary bud

138
Q

Where does the lactiferous bud develop from?

A

Primary bud develops into secondary bud which develops into lactiferous bud and its branches

139
Q

What happens to the breasts at birth?

A

Main lactiferous buds are formed

Secretion from the breasts as a result of maternal hormones

140
Q

What happens to the breasts during puberty in female?

A

Fat and connective tissue develops

There is growth of the duct system

141
Q

How many ducto-lobular units are in the breast?

A

15-20

142
Q

What is the fibrous septae that divides the organ?

A

Suspensory ligaments of Cooper

143
Q

What causes breasts to sad with age?

A

Suspensory ligaments lose effectiveness
Fat ratio decreases
There is loss of function with senescence

144
Q

Which muscles does the breast overlie?

A

Pectoralis major
Serratous interior
External oblique

145
Q

Where is the blood supply of the breast derived from?

A 
Branches of:
Lateral thoracic artery
Internal thoracic artery 
Thoraco-acromial artery 
Thoraco-dorsal artery 
Intercostal artery
146
Q

How is blood supplied to the skin of the breast?

A

Subdermal plexus

147
Q

How is blood supplied to the nipple/areola?

A

Branch of the internal thoracic artery

148
Q

What is the nerve supply of the breast?

A

Anterior cutaneous branch of the thoracic intercostal nerve from T3-T5

149
Q

What is the nerve supply of the nipple/areola?

A

Lateral cutaneous branch arising from T4

150
Q

Where does lymph in the superficial and deep parts of the breast drain?

A

Superficial- subareolar plexus
Deep- submammary plexus

From these plexi, lymph is drained into the axillary nodes

151
Q

What abnormalities can be seen in the breast?

A

Polythemia- extra nipple
Polymastia- extra breast
Athelia- absence of nipple
Amasta- absence of breast

152
Q

Where are the four constriction locations of the oesophagus?

A

The junction of the pharynx and the oesophagus
Where the aortic arch presses down on the oesophagus
Where the left main bronchus presses down on the oesophagus
The oesophageal hiatus

153
Q

Describe the arterial supply and venous return of the the oesophagus

A

Arterial- directly from aorta via oesophageal branches

Venous- via the oesophageal arteries to azygous and hemiazygous veins

154
Q

Where does the greater splanchnic nerve arise and end?

A

From T5-T10/11 to coeliac ganglion

155
Q

Where does the lesser splanchnic nerve arise and end

A

From T9-T10 or T10-T11 to adrenocortical ganglion

156
Q

Where does the least splanchnic nerve arise and end?

A

From T12 to renal plexus

Year 1: LSS 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions