Anatomy of the Respiratory System Flashcards
Three Subsystems of Speech Production
Respiratory
Laryngeal/Phonatory
Articulatory/Resonance
Thorax components
Vertebral Column Rib Cage Pectoral Girdle Trachea Sternum
How Many Vertebra?
34
Vertebra Components
Body
Vertebral Formaen
Spinous Process
Transverse Process
Types of Vertebra
Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacral (5) Coccygeal (5)
How Many Ribs?
12
Characteristics of Ribs (in terms of size)
middle ribs are larger than upper and lower
Rib Components
Shaft
Neck and Head
Costal groove: blood vessels and nerves run
Costal angle: curvature of rib as it bends in two direction
Vertebra and Rib articulations
Posterior Articulations:
Head of ribs and body of thoracic vertebrae
Neck of ribs and transverse process of thoracic vertebrae
Sternum
Front support for the rib cage
articulates with R1-R10
R11-12 are floating ribs
Parts of the Sternum
Manubrium (RI)
Corpus anterior point of articulation for most of ribs (R2-R6)
Xiphoid Process
Joints of the Ribs and Sternum
Ribs join sternum by cartilage
- Synchrondosis= RI & manubrium–ossifies with age
- Synovial= R2-R10
allow a variety of movements. (upward, downward, inward)
movements= simultaneous with lateral movements of rib cage and vertebral column
Pectoral Girdle Components
Clavicle: articulates with the manubrium of the sternum on both sides
Scapula: suspended in place by their articulations within the clavicles
Pelvic Girdle
Provides structure and support
Pulmonary Apparatus
Trachea Tracheal cartilages thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage primary bronchi
Trachea
Singular tube composed of 16-20 horseshoe-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
rings are incomplete posteriorly and filled with fibrous tissue and smooth muscle fibers
rings extend from level C6 to T5
articulate superiorly with the cricoid cartilage (base of the larynx)
inferior terminal bifurcates forming main stem (primary bronchi)
Bronchial Tree
tubes running to the 5 lobes of the lungs
Components of Bronchial Tree
Segmental bronchi Subsegmental bronchi Terminal Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar ducts, sacs, alveoli
Alveolar Ducts
air-filled structure
million of alveoli in bunches
surrounded by tiny blood capillaries
exchange gases
Lungs
Pair of cone-shaped structure
porous and spongey
consists of elastic fibers
Components of Lungs
Visceral Pleura: inner layer
Parietal Pleura: outer layer
Thoracic Cavity
Pulmonary Apparatus is housed within the chest wall
rib cage sternum pectoral girdle vertebral column diaphragm
Intercostal Muscles
11 pairs of both external and internal intercostals (21 total)
oriented obliquely and cross each other
externals=superficial, not found at sternum end of ribs
internals= deep, not found at the vertebrate end of ribs
External Intercostals
stronger than internal
play a large role in expanding the rib cage, elevating them
origin is the rib immediately above, insertion is the rib below
contraction causes the rib where the insertion is made to elevate
Internal Intercostals
Originates from the rib below (upper ridge) and inserts into the rib above
assists in lower the ribs along the lateral and posterior walls, play a large role in forced expiration
adds rigidity during respiration
Diaphragm
single muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen
one of the largest muscles in our body
bi-domed shape
muscle fibers insert into the central tendon
Diaphram Points of Origin
- Sternal portion attaches to the posterior surface of the xiphoid process
- costal portion that anchors onto the lowermost six ribs
- lumbar portion that attaches to L1 through L3
What connects the diaphragm to the lungs
Parietal pleura
Diaphram & inhalation/exhalation
inhalation: the diaphragm contracts, move down
exhalation: the diaphragm relaxes. moves up
Muscle of the Rib Cage
Sternocleidomatoid:
front and side of the neck
originates at the top/front of the sternum and sternum end of the clavicle
course superiorly and posteriorly to terminate at mastoid process of temporal bone
elevates sternum and clavicle
Muscles Associated with the Ventral Thorax
- Pectoralis Major
- Pectoralis Minor
- Subclavius
- Serratus Anterior
Pectoralis major and minor
Pectoralis Major: fan shaped, attached to clavicle, sternum, humerus
-elevates sternum and anterior part of ribs
Pectoralis minor: deep into pectorals major
- runs from anterior aspect of R2 to R5 to the scapula
- elevates R2-R5
Subclavius
courses below and parallel to the clavicle
runs from the rib to the clavicle
elevates first rib
Serratus anterior
sawtooth shaped
runs from the ribs to the scapula and other surfaces of the ribs
elevates R1-R8
Muscles associated with the dorsal thorax
- Lateral iliocostalis cervicis= originates on R3-R6 and inserts into C4-C6; elevates the ribs
- Lateral iliocostalis thoracis= originates R7-R12 and inserts into lower edges of R1-R6. These muscles work together to elevate the ribs
- Latissiumus Dorsi= wider medially than laterally, originates at upper thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae and inserts into upper humorous; elevates R9-R12
- Serratus posterior Inferior= depresses ribs 9-12
- Serratus posterior superior= originates from C7-T3 and inserts lateral to the angle of R2-R5; elevates R2-R5
Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
- External Oblique
- Internal Oblique
- Rectus Abdominus
- Transverse Abdominus
External Oblique
longest and strongest muscle
originates on posterior surfaces of the lower 8 ribs and inserts at the anterior aspect of the pelvic bone
fibers run in a diagonal direction
pulls the lower ribs downward and compresses the abdomen
Internal Obliques
runs deep into external oblique
course in the diagonal direction opposite external oblique
ordinates form the anterior 2/3 of the iliac crest and inserts into R10-R12
pulls downward on the lower ribs and compresses abdomen walls
Rectus Abdominus
fibers course verticaly from lower abdomen to diploid process and from R5-R7
compresses the anterior abdominal wall
Transverse Abdominus
runs horizontally from the inner surfaces of R6-R12
compresses the anterior and lateral walls of the abdomen
Secondary Muscles of Expiration
Muscles of the rib cage wall that serve to depress the ribs
- Serratus posterior inferior
- Subcostals
- Transversus thoracis
Four Cranial Nerves
- Glossopharyngeal (CN 9)
- Vagus (CN 10)
- Hypoglossal (CN 12)
- Accessory (CN 11)
