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Resp > Anatomy of the Respiratory system > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the upper respiratory tract?

A

The nostrils to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx - contains the nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx

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2
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A
  • induce turbulent flow
  • warm and moisten inspired air
  • recover water from expired air
  • speech production
  • olfaction
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3
Q

What names are given to the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • ethmoidal
  • frontal
  • maxillary
  • spheroidal
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4
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses lined with?

A

respiratory epithelium - pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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5
Q

How is a large surface area in the nasal cavity created and why is it important?

A

The turbinates (conchae) increase the surface area and as it is lined by vascular muscle, allows the inhaled air to be warmed and humidified

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6
Q

Why does the inhaled air need to be warmed and humidified?

A

increases the amount of water vapour entering the lungs to help keep the air entering from drying out the lungs etc

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7
Q

How is humidification achieved?

A

mucous secretion and transduation of fluid through the epithelium

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8
Q

How do the conchae help achieve moistened air and humidifciation

A

They slow down the airflow increasing time available for warming and humidification

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9
Q

What else is the nostril lined with?

A

coarse hair to trap large particle in inhaled air

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10
Q

What cells is mucus secreted from?

A

goblet cells

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11
Q

What do the cilia do to foreign particles?

A

waft the mucus (containing the forge in particles) to the oropharynx where it s either swallowed or coughed out

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12
Q

What is aspiration?

A

When something enters your airway or lungs

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13
Q

How does aspiration occur.?

A

If the larynx and vocal cords are dysfunctional, the trachea may not be properly closed off during swallowing

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14
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A

the junction of the manubirum and body of sternum - the sternal angle identifies the 2nd rib

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15
Q

What is the costal groove and where is it found?

A

it is where the intercostal vessels and nerves runs - it is near the lower border of the rib

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16
Q

Where would you insert a chest drain or do cannulas in the thoracic cavity?

A

Directly above the rib to ensure you don’t hit any of the neurovasculature

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17
Q

What are the costocertebral joints?

A

synovial joints which connect the rib with the thoracic vertebra

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18
Q

What do the intercostal arteries, veins and nerves supply?

A

intercostal muscles, parietal pleura and overlying skin

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19
Q

What are the intercostal muscles?

A

each intercostal space contains 3 muscles - external, internal and innermost (similar to internal ones but less developed)

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20
Q

What are the external intercostal muscles?

A

the fibres run down and anteriorly (hand in pocket)

-responsible for 30% of chest expansion in quiet respiration

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21
Q

What type of movement for the external intercostal muscles do?

A

muscle contraction causes elevation of the ribs and increases the lateral and inter-posterior diameters of the chest (BUCKET HANDLE)

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22
Q

What are the internal intercostal muscles?

A

The fibres run downward and posteriorly from the rib above to the rib below (PUMP HANDLE MOVEMENT)

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23
Q

What type of movement does the internal intercostal muscle do?

A

the contraction of these muscles pulls the ribs down from position of chest expansion

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24
Q

When do internal intercostal muscles become active?

A

During forced expiratrion - quiet inspiration is passive so requires nothign

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25
Q

What is another function of the paranasal sinuses?

A

minimises the weight of the head

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26
Q

What is important about the diaphragm?

A

It is the main muscle of inspiration and responsible for more than 70% of chest expansion in quiet respiration

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27
Q

Where does the diaphragm lie (what are the landmarks)?

A

Right dome - 5th rib (landmark for liver)

Left done - 5th intercostal space

28
Q

What is the diaphragm innervated by?

A

the phrenic nerve (C3,4,5)

29
Q

What is the movement of the diaphragm in inspiration?

A

The diaphragm contracts and flattens (moves downwards) to increase the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity

30
Q

How many lobes are in each lung?

A

3 in the right 2 in the left

31
Q

What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?

A

lower trachea, bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles, terming bronchioles

32
Q

What is special about the upper 7 ribs?

A

articulate anteriorly through their costal cartilages with the sternum

33
Q

What is special about the 8th 9th and 10th ribas?

A

they articulate with the costal cartilage of the 7th rib

34
Q

What is special about the 11th and 12th rib?

A

They are “floating ribs”

35
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

situated in the midline and lies between the 2 lungs

36
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

heart and great vessels, trachea and oesophagus, phrenic and vagus nerves, lymbph nodes

37
Q

What should the pressure be in the alveoli for air to enter?

A

The pressure in the alveoli must be less than atm pressure for air to enter

38
Q

What happens in the phrenic nerve is damaged? How does it present on a chest x-ray?

A

causes paralyse of the affected side of the diaphragm - presents as an elevated semi-diaphragm

39
Q

Where are the openings in the diaphragm and what are they for?

A

Inferior VENA CAVA - T8
OESOPHAGUS - T10
AORTIC HIATUS - T12
(count the letters)

40
Q

What is the clinical relevance anatomically of a lower chest injury?

A

could damage abdominal organs like spleen, liver, stomach and upper kidneys

41
Q

What are the 2 types of pleura and what are their differences?

A

visceral and parietal - visceral lines the surface of the lungs and parietal lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm

42
Q

What innervation does the pleura have?

A

visceral - somatic innervation

parietal - autonomic innervation

43
Q

What fissures are in the lungs?

A

oblique and horizontal fissures (right lung has both, left just has oblique)
- the visceral pleura extends between lobes of the lung into the depts of the fissures

44
Q

What is the potential space between the pleura known as?

A

pleural cavity - thin film of fluid contained here to allow pleurae to slip over each other reducing friction during breathing

45
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

a small space created by the folding of the pleura that is not filled with lung tissue

46
Q

What does the pleural seal refer to?

A

the surface tension forces between the molecules of pleural fluid creates a seal ensuring that when the thorax expands in respiration, the lungs move with it

47
Q

Where does the trachea commence?

A

lower border of cricoid cartilage of the larynx and terminates at the sternal angle

48
Q

What occurs are the sternal angle?

A

bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left bronchi

49
Q

What is the carina?

A

the angle between the right and left main bronchi

50
Q

Why are small foreign objects and food more likely to lodge in the right lung?

A

the right main bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical than the left

51
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment (don’t need to know much)?

A

an area of lunch supplied by a segmental bronchus - surgically important as can be isolated and removed without much bleeding, air leakage or damage to the rest of lung

52
Q

Where is the apex of the lung found?

A

extends above the level of the 1rs rib into the root of the neck

53
Q

Why would you get neurological and vascular problems in the upper limb with an apex tumour?

A

the apex is closely related to the subclavian vessels and the brachial plexus

54
Q

What blood supply do the lungs have?

A

dual blood supply - from bronchial arteries and the pulmonary arteries

55
Q

What does the bronchial arteries carry and supply?

A

Supply the bronchial tree (but NOT alveoli) and the visceral pleura with oxygenated blood

56
Q

Where does the blood return to?

A

via the pulmonary veins rather than the bronchial veins - the small amount of blood returning from the bronchial veins drain via azygous vein into the SVC

57
Q

What does the pulmonary artery carry?

A

the entire output of the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange

58
Q

What are anastomoses between the bronchial and pulmonary arteries function?

A

maintain some blood supply to the lung parenchyma in patients with pulmonary embolism

59
Q

What do pulmonary veins do?

A

return oxygenated blood to the left hear - 2 leave each hilum (drains upper and lower lobes)

60
Q

What is the lymphatics drainage of the lungs?

A

-hilar nodes (bronchopulmonary nodes)

61
Q

What is the nerve supply to the lungs?

A

right and left vagus nerves and the sympathetic trunk

62
Q

What does the parasympathetic efferent fibres from the vagus nerve do?

A

they are motor to the bronchial smooth muscle and secretomotor to the mucous gland

63
Q

What do the vagal afferent fibres of the lungs do?

A

the cough reflex

64
Q

What does the sympathetic efferent fibres do?

A

bronchodilator and vasoconstrictor

65
Q

What nerve curves under the arch of the aorta?

A

the recurrent laryngeal nerve to return to the larynx

66
Q

What happens if the recurrent laryngeal nerve is damaged?

A

causes paralyse of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles causing vocal cord paralysis and hoarseness of voices

67
Q

How are bronchioles kept open?

A

radial traction - elastin in the walls of alveoli exert traction on the walls of the bronchioles which keeps them open

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