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Psyco 275 > Anatomy of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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5
Q

Somatic Division of the PNS

A

Voluntary
Afferent nerves bring information to the CNS
Efferent nerves carry information out of the CNS

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6
Q

Autonomic Division of the PNS

A

Involuntary
Afferent nerves provide information about the state of organs
Efferent nerves are parasympathetic or sympathetic which oppose each other
-flight/fight/freeze vs relaxation

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7
Q

What region of the CNS do sympathetic efferents come from?

A

The thoracolumbar region

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8
Q

What region of the CNS do parasympathetic efferents come from?

A

The craniosacral region

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9
Q

Where are sympathetic ganglia located?

A

Close to the spinal cord in a chain

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10
Q

Where are the parasympathetic ganglia located?

A

Close to the target organs

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11
Q

What is the length of sympathetic postganglionic fibres?

A

Long

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12
Q

What is the length of parasympathetic postganglionic fibres?

A

Short

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13
Q

How much postganglionic branching is there? (sympathetic)

A

Lots so that multiple organs can be mobilized at once

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14
Q

How much postganglionic branching is there? (parasympathetic)

A

Very little branching

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15
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves in the periphery that originate on the ventral surface of the brain instead of the spinal cord
Purely sensory

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16
Q

Olfactory (I) Sensory

A

Nose

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17
Q

Optic (II) Sensory

A

Eye

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18
Q

Oculomotor (III) Motor

A

All eye muscles except those supplied by IV and VI

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19
Q

Trochlear (IV) Motor

A

Superior oblique muscle

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20
Q

Trigeminal (V) Sensory

A

Face, sinuses, teeth

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21
Q

Trigeminal (V) Motor

A

Muscles of mastication

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22
Q

Abducent (VI) Motor

A

External rectus muscle

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23
Q

Facial (VII) Motor

A

Muscles of the face

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24
Q

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Sensory

A

Inner ear

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25
Q

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

Pharyngeal musculature

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26
Q

Vagus (X) Motor

A

Heart, lungs, bronchi, GIT

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27
Q

Vagus (X) Sensory

A

Heat, lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, GIT, external ear

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28
Q

Accessory (XI) Motor

A

Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

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29
Q

Protection for the CNS

A

Meniges
Cerebrospinal fluid (cushion)
Blood brain barrier
Encased in bone

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30
Q

What are the layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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31
Q

Dura Mater

A

Epidural (between the skull and dura)
Tough outer layer
Restricts movement within the skull
Sinuses that drain deoxygenated blood and CSF fluid

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32
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Collagenous and weblike

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33
Q

Pia Mater

A

Adheres to the surface of the CNS
Encloses CSF
Where the blood vessels are found

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34
Q

What makes cerebral spinal fluid?

A

Ependymal cells

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35
Q

Where is the cerebral spinal fluid found?

A

Ventricles and central canal

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36
Q

How is waste removed from the CSF?

A

It removes toxic byproducts by having the CSF absorb into the subdural sinus and from there drain into the jugular vein

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37
Q

The Function of the CSF

A

Supports and cushions the brain

Shock absorption

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38
Q

Central Canal

A

Channel runs length of the spinal cord

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39
Q

Ventricles

A

Produce and circulate CSF in the brain
Interconnected by a series of openings
Single reservoir

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40
Q

The Chambers of the Ventricles

A

2 later
3rd
4th

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41
Q

The Function of the Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Keeps CNS electrochemically separated from the PNS
Keeps molecules outside of the brain
-lipid soluble materials don’t need a transporter (usually)

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42
Q

What is the BBB made out of?

A

Tightly packed cells surrounding blood vessels epithelial and glial cells

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43
Q

How are Psychoactive Effects Limited by the BBB?

A

For there to be significant psychoactive effects, the molecule in question need to have high lipid solubility

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44
Q

Ways to Break Down the BBB

A 
High blood pressure
Not completely formed at birth 
High concentration of non-permeable molecules 
Brain injury or disease
Infection 
Microwaves and radiation
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45
Q

The Brain’s Blood Supply

A

Carotid and vertebrobasilar system form anastomosis in the Circle of Willis

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46
Q

What are Neurons?

A

Specialized cells for electrochemical signals

  • reception
  • conduction
  • transmission
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47
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive synaptic contacts from other neurons

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48
Q

Axon Hillock

A

The cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body

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49
Q

Cell Body

A

The metabolic center of the neuron

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50
Q

Myelin

A

Fatty insulation around many axons

51
Q

Axon

A

Transmits an action potential

52
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

The gaps between section of myelin

53
Q

Buttons

A

Release chemicals into synapses

54
Q

Presynaptic Density

A

Vesicular release machinery

55
Q

Postsynaptic Density

A

Receptor signalling machinery

56
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A

Found in PNS

57
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

Found in retinas

58
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

Found in CNS

59
Q

Multipolar interneuron

A

No axon, does not transmit signal far

60
Q

Nerve Fiber

A

Nerve process (axon or dendrite)

61
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of nerve fibres in the PNS

62
Q

Tract

A

Bundle of nerve fibres in the CNS

63
Q

Ganglion

A

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies in PNS

64
Q

Nucleus

A

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies in CNS

65
Q

Glia vs Neurons

A

Glia do not form synapses
They are less excitable than neurons
Their processes are not differentiated
They can divide

66
Q

Types of Glia

A

Astrocytes
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann Cells

67
Q

Astrocytes

A 
Star-shaped, largest glial cell 
Clean up neurotransmitters
Hold neurons in place and rearrange synapses 
Regulate ions in extracellular space
Wrap around capillaries 
-form BBB
Important in cognition
68
Q

Microglia

A 
Really small 
Macrophage
Multiply in response to injury or disease 
Active immune response 
Fast acting 
Synaptic plasticity 
Sensitive to changes in potassium ions
69
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Only CNS

Forms myelin sheath

70
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Only PNS
each cell creates only one myelinated axon segment
guide axon regeneration in PNS

71
Q

Anterior

A

Nose or front

72
Q

Posterior

A

Tail or back

73
Q

Dorsal

A

Top of the head

74
Q

Ventral

A

Bottom of the head

75
Q

Medial

A

Midline

76
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the middle

77
Q

Axial Plane

A

Look at the brain starting at the chin to the top of the head
Ventral to dorsal

78
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Look at the brain from the side starting from one ear to the other
Lateral to medial

79
Q

Coronal Plane

A

Look at the brain starting at the back of the head moving towards the face
Posterior to anterior

80
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

Link brain to body and body to brain

81
Q

How many regions does the spinal cord have?

A 
4 
Cervical
Thoracic 
Lumbar 
Sacral
82
Q

Where is the major site of injury in the CNS?

A

The spinal cord

Location of the injury will determine which functions are lost

83
Q

What is the dorsal root of the spinal cord?

A

Sensory information from afferents come through the dorsal root
Axon terminals in the root
Unipolar neurons

84
Q

What is the ventral root of the spinal cord?

A

Motor information from efferents leaves through the ventral root
Dendrites in the root
Multipolar neurons

85
Q

Where is white matter located in the spinal cord?

A

In the periphery

Myelinated axons

86
Q

Where is grey matter located in the spinal cord?

A

In the middle

  • cell bodies
  • unmyelinated
  • butterfly or H-shaped
87
Q

Where is CSF located in the spinal cord?

A

The central canal

88
Q

How does the amount of white and grey matter vary by region?

A

The lower regions are greyer and the higher regions are more white

89
Q

What are the 5 divisions of the brain?

A 
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon 
Myelencephalon
90
Q

What are the 3 swellings of the brain?

A 
Fore
-tele and di
Mid
Hind
-met and myel
91
Q

What is the myelencephalon composed of?

A 
Most posterior - in the hindbrain 
The medulla
-ascending and descending tracts at the core 
-cranial nerve nuclei 
Origin of the reticular formation
92
Q

What is reticular formation?

A

Core network of 100 nuclei
Also composes core of the hindbrain and midbrain
Arousal system

93
Q

What is the metencephalon composed of?

A

Ascending and descending tracts
Cerebellum
Pons

94
Q

What is the cerebellum function?

A

Sensorimotor coordination
Maintain fine motor skills
Plays a role in cognition/language/attention

95
Q

What is the pons?

A

Contains the reticular formation and cranial nerve nuclei
Swelling on the ventral surface of the brainstem
-4th ventricle
Transfer information between the brainstem and the cerebellum

96
Q

What is the mesencephalon composed of?

A 
Midbrain
-contains reticular formation 
Tectum 
-superior colliculi (visuomotor)
-inferior colliculi (auditory)
Tegementum
97
Q

What is tegementum?

A

Contains cranial nerve and red nucleus
Substantia nigra
Periaqueductal gray

98
Q

What is the function of the red nucleus?

A

Sensorimotor
-motor coordination; gait
Gets its red colour from hemoglobin and ferritin

99
Q

What is the function of the substantia nigra?

A

Sensorimotor
Movement
Melanin

100
Q

What is the function of the periaqueductal gray?

A

Analgesia
Defensive behaviour
Gate control theory of pain
-release endorphins and dense endorphin receptors that cause analgesia

101
Q

What is the diencephalon composed of?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Mammillary Bodies
Optic chiasm

102
Q

What is the structure of the thalamus?

A

2 lobes

-mass intermedia - runs through the third ventricle to connect

103
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Sensory relay nuclei

Feedback bidirectional to and from the cortex

104
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Located under the thalamus
The pituitary gland is suspended by the hypothalamus
-release hormones to modulate behaviour like stress, reproduction, and feeding

105
Q

What is optic chiasm?

A

The portion of the brain after the optic nerve and before the optic tract

106
Q

What is the telencephalon?

A 
The largest division in the human brain 
Limbic system
Basal ganglia 
Neocortex 
Corpus callosum
107
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

The cerebral hemispheres are separated by a longitudinal fissure called the corpus callosum
The largest connecting 2 hemispheres

108
Q

What are gyri and sulci?

A

Cortex convolutions that act as landmarks

109
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the neocortex?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

110
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

Between hemispheres

111
Q

Precentral Gyri

A

Primary motor cortex

112
Q

Postcentral Gyri

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

113
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Nonmotor portion of frontal lobe

114
Q

What are the layers of the neocortex?

A

There are 6 layers with the first being at the surface
Differ in:
Size of the cell body
Density of neurons
The proportion of cell types
Thickness
They all have a vertical flow of information

115
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Regulation of motivated behaviours

  • feedings
  • fleeing
  • fighting
  • sex
116
Q

What are the structures of the limbic system?

A 
Hippocampus
Cingulate cortex
Amygdala 
Fornix 
Septum
Mammillary bodies
117
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Spatial learning and memory

118
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Emotional memory

Fear and anger

119
Q

What is the fornix?

A

A tract that connects the hippocampus to the septum

120
Q

What is the septum?

A

The anterior tip of the cingulate cortex

121
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Voluntary motor system

Procedural learning

122
Q

What are the deep subcortical structures of the basal ganglia?

A

Amygdala
Nucleus accumbens
Striatum (caudate nucleus and the putamen)
Globus pallidus

123
Q

What is the function of the nucleus accumbens?

A

Reinforcement learning

-drug addiction

Psyco 275 (9 decks)

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