Anatomy Of The Lymphatic System Flashcards
What are its components + examples?
Lymphatic vessels - capillary beds + larger vessels
Diffuse+defined lymphoid tissue - tonsils or Peter patches
Lymphoid organs - spleen or thymus
Label lymphatic system
On OneNote
Define cervical
Neck region of spinal column
Whats the mandible
Largest and strongest face bone - lower jaw bone
Define axiliary
Near armpit
What are subclavian veins
Deep vein - moves o2 in blood from upper body to heart
Cisterns Chyli - what are they ? What’s special about it ?
Dialated sack near central breastbone - receives lymph from right and left lumbar truncks including GI tract - most but not all people have it
Are there lymph vessels in brain ? Where? What do they line?
Yes- in meninges - tiny - line rural sinuses
What can these vessels carry ? Which nodes are they connected to?
Fluid
Immune cells
from cerebrospinal fluid
Connected to deep cervical lymph nodes
What’s are the roles of this system ?
Drains excess extra cellular fluid - homeostasis of body fluids and plasma proteins
Transported triglycerides and fat soluble vitamins (KEDA)
Initiates + carries out specific immune response
How much fluid 1) filtered out from arterial end?
2) reabsorbed by venous end?
3) how much is left and where does it go?
1) 20 L out
2) 17 L in
3) 3L in lymphatic capillaries
What kind of system is the lymphatic system? WHy?
Open system - defines start in cell interstitium
What’s the structure of lymphatic vessels?
Like veins but w thinner walls , more valves for unidirectional flow
Whats the composition of lymph
Like blood plasma but vary in protein/lipid content
What’s chyle and how is its composition distinct from body lymph
Lymph from gastro-intestinal tract - esp rich in lipids (mainly triglycerides)
What are lacteals, and where do they follow along
Lymphatic vessels that collect chyle - don’t follow veins but along superior mesenteric artery
What role does the thoracic duct have
Lymph drains into it - biggest lymphatic vessel - connects to junction between left jugular and left subclavian vein - collect lymph from entire body except top right
where does thoracic duct flow, and what does the flow of lymph in it depend on ?
- runs from aortic opening in diaphragm to root of neck
-thoracic pump drives flow
Whats the role of the right lymphatic duct
Lymph from top right corner drains into it -drains into junction of right jugular and subclavian vein.
What’s lymphoedema ? Types?
WHat are the 2 ways to develop it?
All the ways to develop the second type ? (3)
Accumulation of lymph in body part - results in swelling.
Primary = congenitally inherited - malformed or absent lymphatic vessels
Secondary = increased BP - excess lymph produced, obstruction of lymphatic vessels due to parasites or lesions , lack of skeletal muscle contraction (e.g. paralysis).
What are lymphoid tissues?
4 places where they are most common?
- what’s distinct about these places?
- tissue producing lymphocytes / antibodies
-gastrointestinal tract/ appendix
-urinary tract
-reproductive tract …….
What are tonsils ?
4 location ?
How does size vary with age?
Label diagram on their location on OneNote ?
- collection of lymphoid tissue, covered w mucous membrane
1) adenoid (nasopharyngeal)- nasal cavity/auditory tube
2) Tubal - nasal cavity/auditory tube
3) Palatine- oral cavity/pharynx
4) Lingual (facial) - larynx/oesophagus
1 and 3 atrophy w puberty - max size in early childhood
How can a certain type cause breathing issues?
What about deafness/ recurrent otitis media ?
1) if palatine / adenoids grow excessively = block posterior nasal openings
2) due to inflammation of tubal tonsils near auditory tube
What is recurrent otitis media?
Middle ear infection
What’s another name for aggregated lymphatic follicle? (ALF)
Peyer’s patches
Where are ALFs found ?
WHat’s their primary role
- highly conc in ileum ( last small part of small intestine)
- immune response + protecting gut
Lymphatic organs vs tissue
Lymphatic organs - encapsulated - tissues aren’t
What’s the bone marrow?
Where is it found ?
What type of stem cells does it have?
-highly vascularised connective tissue
-found in micro spaces between trabecular of spongy bone tissue (mainly in epiphyses of long bones and in flat bones- pelvis, vertebrae, ribs and child skulls )
-pluripotent stem cells
Where’s the thymus?
How does it change with age?
What is its primary role ?
- behind sternum, above heart, in superior mediastinum
- covers pericardium in newborns - shrinks w age
- site of maturation/ proliferation of t-cells produced in bone-marrow
What are lymph nodes?
Where are they found ? Most distal ?
What are their primary role?
- secondary lymphatic organs - encapsulated collections of lymphoid tissue
-along course of lymphatic vessels - in clusters
-elbow and back of knee (popliteal fossa)
- ‘ training camp’ for b cells and memory banks - specific immune responses - T cells
- tissue is filter for cancer cells, pathogens, tattoo ink, ect
How does lymph travel thru nodes
Enters via afferent, leaves via efferent vessels
What’s lymphadenopathy ? What causes it?
Swollen glands due to infection
What’s the clinical importance of lymph nodes?
How’s it related of the TNM system?
- metastasis developers thru it, cancer cells travel in lymph - establish new tumours, lodge in nodes
- secondary tumour sites can be predicted via lymph flow
-spread in lymph nodes from primary site indicates progression - impacts prognosis and management
Whats the spleen?
Where is it?
Primary role? (2)
Largest lymphoid tissue
Postero-lateral to stomach - underneath Left dome of diaphragm - close to ribs 9-11
Maturation + storage of - lymphocytes, macrophages, RBCs
antigen-specification
Where does the spleen get its blood supply?
How does blood leave ?
From splenic artery
Splenic vein -> superior mesenteric vein -> portal vein system
What’s splenomegaly?
Why does it happen?
Symptoms?
Imaging ?
- spleen enlargement
- often spleen hyper function due to disease - excessive RBCs filtered out of spleen
Symptoms
Pain in abdomen, chest (esp full bladder/stomach) and back
Large+palpable in left upper abdomen quadrant
What does mesenteric mean?
Fold membrane that attaches intestine to wall around stomach area - holds things in place
What does mesenteric mean?
Fold membrane that attaches intestine to wall around stomach area - holds things in place
Caecum vs ileum
C = large intestine
I = small intestine
Trabeculae?
Epiphyses ?
- column of connective tissue
-wide ends of bones that meet at joints
5 main examples of causes of splenomegaly?
-RBC disease - e.g. sickle cell
-immune hyperplasia - e.g. malaria
-bone marrow disease - e.g. leukaemia
-blood flow disturbances - e.g. portal vermin hypertension / hepatic parasites
- cancer in bone marrow, blood or lymphatic system
Define hyperplasia
Increased cell production in normal tissue
