Anatomy of the KUB Flashcards
What are the suprarenal glands? Location? Function?
Paired, bilateral posterior abdominal organs located superior to the kidney and retroperitoneal which has endocrine functions secreting cortisol, aldosterone, androgens and adrenaline
Which of the following is not anterior to the right suprarenal gland?
A. IVC
B. R liver Lobe
C. R crus of diaphragm
D. None of the above
C. R crus of diaphragm
Which of the following is not anterior to the left suprarenal gland?
A. Stomach
B. Pancreas
C. Spleen
D. L Crus of Diaphragm
D. L Crus of Diaphragm
List the four layers of the suprarenal glands and the substances they produce.
Cortex: yellow;
- Zona glomerulosa (aldosterone)
- Zona fasciculata (cortisol),
- Zona reticularis (androgens)
- Medulla: Dark brown; enkephalins e.g. Adrenaline
Which zone of the adrenal glands produces androgens?
A. Zona Glomerulosa
B. Zona Fasciculata
C. Zona Reticularis
D. Medulla
C. Zona Reticularis
Which zone of the adrenal glands produces aldosterone?
A. Zona Glomerulosa
B. Zona Fasciculata
C. Zona Reticularis
D. Medulla
A. Zona Glomerulosa
Which zone of the adrenal glands produces cortisol?
A. Zona Glomerulosa
B. Zona Fasciculata
C. Zona Reticularis
D. Medulla
B. Zona Fasciculata
Which zone of the adrenal glands produces cortisol?
A. Zona Fasciculata
B. Zona Glomerulosa
C. Zona Reticularis
D. Medulla
A. Zona Fasciculata
Which zone of the adrenal glands produces Adrenaline?
A. Zona Fasciculata
B. Zona Glomerulosa
C. Zona Reticularis
D. Medulla
D. Medulla
What is the difference in morphology of the right and left adrenal gland?
L is semi-lunar
R is pyramidal
What is the shape of the left suprarenal gland?
A. Lunar
B. Pyramidal
C. Semi-lunar
D. Sigmoid
C. Semi-lunar
What is the shape of the left suprarenal gland?
A. Lunar
B. Pyramidal
C. Semi-lunar
D. Sigmoid
B. Pyramidal
List the three arteries supplying the adrenal glands and their derivations.
- Superior adrenal (inferior phrenic);
- Middle adrenal (abdominal aorta);
- Inferior adrenal (renal arteries)
Which of the following arteries is derived from the abdominal aorta?
A. Superior adrenal
B. Inferior adrenal
C. Middle adrenal
D. None of the above
C. Middle adrenal
Which of the following arteries is derived from the renal arteries?
A. Superior adrenal
B. Inferior adrenal
C. Middle adrenal
D. None of the above
B. Inferior adrenal
Which of the following arteries is derived from the inferior phrenic arteries?
A. Superior adrenal
B. Inferior adrenal
C. Middle adrenal
D. None of the above
A. Superior adrenal
Where does the right adrenal vein drain into?
A. L Renal vein
B. R Renal vein
C. IVC
D. Splenic vein
C. IVC
Where does the left adrenal vein drain into?
A. L Renal vein
B. R Renal vein
C. IVC
D. Splenic vein
A. L Renal vein
During a right adrenalectomy, what clinical complication may occur regarding the vasculature?
Right adrenal vein may tear off IVC due to anatomical relation and drainage causing haemorrhage
What two activities can alter the position of the kidneys?
- Position
- Respiration
What are the layers surrounding and protecting the kidneys?
Paranephric fat (lumbar region extraperitoneal fat) —> perinephric fat —> renal fascia/ periuteric fascia (elongation of the renal fascia due to the ureters)
What are renal papillae? Where are they?
bundle of collecting ducts transporting urine to calyces for excretion; at the apex of renal pyramids
What is the minor calyx’s role?
collects urine from pyramids
What is the role of the major calyx?
converging minor calyces , transferring urine to the renal pelvis
What is the role of the renal pelvis? What is its shape?
collects urine from calyces and into the ureter; funnel-shaped
Why may the kidneys be foreshortened on AP radiographs?
A. Density of the ribs mask the kidneys
B. Kidneys drop into retroperitoneal space
C. Paravertebral position dropping postero-laterally into paravertebral gutters
D. Kidneys are radiolucent
C. Paravertebral position dropping postero-laterally into paravertebral gutters
Outline the hierarchy of the vasculature to the kidney.
A. Segmental branches —> interlobular arteries —> arcuate arteries —> vasa recta —> afferent arterioles —> capillary network
B. Segmental branches –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arteries –> Afferent arterioles –> Vasa recta
C. Segmental branches —> interlobular arteries —> arcuate arteries —> afferent arterioles —> capillary network —> vasa recta
D. Afferent arterioles –> Arcuate arteries –> Segmental Branches –> Interlobular arteries –> Capillary network –> Vasa recta
C. Segmental branches —> interlobular arteries —> arcuate arteries —> afferent arterioles —> capillary network —> vasa recta
What are the ureters?
Retroperitoneal muscular tubes transporting urine to the bladder which go from the renal pelvis to the bladder fundus entering obliquely at the vesicoureteric junction
Where to ureters begin?
A. Vesicoureteric junction
B. Pelviureteric junction
C. Renal papilla
D. Minor calyx
B. Pelviureteric junction
What are the radiological landmarks for the course of the ureters?
A. SI joints and ischial spines
B. 9-12 Ribs
C. ASIS
D. None of the above
A. SI joints and ischial spines
What type of muscle is present and how does it move urine through?
smooth muscle propelling urine in peristaltic waves
How can we remember which way the ureters go with regards to the uterine artery in F?
water under the bridge
Outline the course of the ureters.
1) Arise @ renal pelvis/pelvoureteric junction
2) Descend inferiorly along anterior of psoas major
3) Cross pelvic brim at sacroiliac joints and cross bifurcation of common iliac arteries
4) Run down lateral pelvic walls
5) Anteromedial turn at ischial spine and transversely towards bladder
6) Pierce bladder obliquely to create one way valve
List the potential places where a renal/ureteric calculi is most likely to lodge.
- Pelvoureteric junction
- Ureters cross pelvic brim and bifurcation of common iliac artery (≈ L4)
- Vesicoureteric junction
What is the bladder?
Hollow muscular structure resting on pelvic floor and posterior to pubic bones, with strong fascial and muscular walls acting as a temporary store of urine + varies in shape/ position depending on content and state of neighbouring viscera
How many surfaces are there of the bladder? What are they?
4 surfaces:
- Superior
- Inferolateral x2
- Posterior = base/fundus
What is the shape of the bladder?
A. Tetrahedral
B. Pyramidal
C. Spherical
D. Cuboid
A. Tetrahedral
What is the term for the region of thickened mucosa between the three openings of the bladder?
Smooth trigone
What are the three openings of the bladder?
- x2 Vesicoureteric junctions
2. x1 Vesicourethral junction
List the 4 regions of the male urethra.
- Preprostatic
- Prostatic
- Membranous
- Penile/spongy urethra
Which part of the urethra is present within the corpus spongiosum?
A. Preprostatic
B. Prostatic
C. Membranous
D. Penile urethra
D. Penile urethra
Which part of the urethra is present within the pelvic musculature?
A. Preprostatic
B. Prostatic
C. Membranous
D. Penile urethra
C. Membranous
Which part of the urethra is present prior to the prostate?
A. Preprostatic
B. Prostatic
C. Membranous
D. Penile urethra
A. Preprostatic
Is there a sex-dependent correlation in UTIs and why?.
Yes, F»_space;> M due to shorter urethra
Which nerve is responsible for relaxing the detrusor?
A. Pelvic nerve (S2-S4)
B. Hypogastric nerve (T12-L2)
C. Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)
D. None of the above
B. Hypogastric nerve (T12-L2)
Which nerve is responsible for contracting the detrusor?
A. Pelvic nerve (S2-S4)
B. Hypogastric nerve (T12-L2)
C. Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)
D. None of the above
A. Pelvic nerve (S2-S4)
What are the vertebral levels of the abdominal aorta?
T12 (aortic hiatus in diaphragm) - L4 (supracristal plane at highest part of iliac crests)
What are the vertebral levels of the IVC?
L5 (common iliac veins fuse) - T8 (IVC through diaphragm at caval hiatus with right phrenic nerve)
Outline the branches of the abdominal aorta.
- Inferior phrenic arteries - Coeliac arteries - Superior mesenteric artery - Middle suprarenal arteries - Renal arteries - Gonadal arteries - Lumbar arteries (2-4) - Inferior mesenteric artery - Median sacral artery - Common iliac arteries
List the 3 single anterior branches of the abdominal aorta and their vertebral levels.
- Coeliac (T12)
- SMA (L1)
- IMA (L3)
Which branch of the abdominal aorta comes off at T12?
A. SMA
B. IMA
C. Coeliac
D. Testicular
C. Coeliac
Which branch of the abdominal aorta comes off at L1?
A. SMA
B. IMA
C. Coeliac
D. Testicular
A. SMA
Which branch of the abdominal aorta comes off at L3?
A. SMA
B. IMA
C. Coeliac
D. Testicular
B. IMA
