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Phase 2 3. Endocrinology > anatomy of the front of the neck > Flashcards

anatomy of the front of the neck Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck

A

situated at front of neck

superiorly - inferior border of mandible
laterally - medial border of sternocleidomastoid muscle
medially - imaginary saigittal line down midline of body

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2
Q

name the suprahyoid muscles

A
  • digastric muscle
  • mylohyoid muscle
  • stylohyoid muscle
  • geniohyoid muscle
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3
Q

Describe the digastric muscle

A

two muscular tendons connected by a tendon

anterior belly arises from gastric fossa of the mandible - gives rise to central tendon

posterior belly arises from the mastoid process of the temporal bone

two bellies connected by intermediate tendon attached to the hyoid bone via a fibrous sling

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4
Q

describe the mylohyoid muscle

A

triangular shaped muscle forming the floor of the oral cavity, supporting the floor of the mouth

originates from the mylohyoid line of the mandible and attaches to the hyoid bone (posterior fibers)

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5
Q

Describe the sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

attaches to:

  • sternum
  • clavicle
  • mastoid process

innervated by CNXI

tendinous head attaches to sternum
fleshy head attaches to clavicle

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6
Q

Describe the platysma muscle

A

superficial muscle that overlaps the sternocleidomastoid

broad sheet arising from fascia covering upper pectoralis major and deltoid

fibers cross clavicle obliquely upward and medially along side of neck

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7
Q

Describe the thryoid cartilage

A
  • laryngeal notch
  • composed of two sheets (laminae) that join anteriorly (laryngeal prominence)
  • posterior border projects superiorly and inferiorly to form the superior and inferior horns
  • superior horns articulate with hyoid bone
  • inferior horns in contact with cricoid cartilage
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8
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage?

A
  • complete ring of hyaline cartilage

- completely encircles the airway, marking the inferior border of the larynx at C6 level

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9
Q

What is the cricothyroid ligament?

A

connective tissue that connects front parts of the contiguous margins of the cricoid and thyroid cartilages

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10
Q

What is a cricothyrotomy?

A

incision made through the skin and cricoid membrane to establish a patent airway

  • site where emergency airway can be placed
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11
Q

What are the strap muscles?

A

also called infrahyoid muscles

cover the lobes of the thyroid gland and must be retracted for surgery

located inferiorly to the hyoid bone in the neck

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12
Q

What are the groups of strap muscles

A
  • superficial plane
    > omohyoid
    > sternohyoid
  • deep plane
    > sternothyroid
    > thyrohyoid
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13
Q

What is the arterial and venous supply of the infrahyoid muscles?

A

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

venous supply by corresponding veins

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14
Q

Describe the sternohyoid muscle

A

originates from the sternum and sternoclavicular joint

ascends to insert onto the hyoid bone

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15
Q

Describe the omohyoid muscle

A
  • two muscle bellies connected by a muscular tendon

inferior belly arises from scapula runs superomedially underneath the sternocleidomastoid muscle

attached to the superior belly by an intermediate tendon, which is anchored to the clavicle by the deep cervical fascia

from here the superior belly ascends to attach to hyoid bone

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16
Q

describe the thyrohyoid muscle

A

short band of muscle, thought to be continuation of the sternothyroid muscle

arises from the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and ascends to attach to the hyoid bone

17
Q

Describe the location of the thyroid gland

A
  • anterior neck
  • spans C5-T1
  • lies behind sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles wrapping around the cricoid cartilage and superior tracheal rings
  • inferior to the thyroid cartilage
  • in visceral compartment of neck
18
Q

Describe the thyroid gland

A
  • endocrine gland

- two lobes divided by isthmus

19
Q

Describe the visceral compartment of the neck

A

contains:

  • thyroid
  • trachea
  • oesophagus
  • pharynx

compartment bound by pretracheal fascia - also secures thryroid gland to trachea and larynx

20
Q

Why does a goitre move on swallowing?

A

the fascia attaches the gland and thereby the growth to the larynx, which moves

(if a lump on the neck moves on swallowing it is likely to be localised to the thyroid gland)

21
Q

Why is the thyroid highly vascularised?

A

gland secretes hormones directly into the blood

22
Q

Which two main arteries supply the thyroid gland?

A

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

paired arteries arising on both the left and right sides

23
Q

Describe the superior thyroid artery

A

first branch of the external carotid artery

  • then descends towards the thyroid gland
  • generally supplies the superior and anterior portions of the gland
24
Q

Describe the inferior thyroid artery

A

arises from thyrocervical trunk (branch of the subclavian)

travels superomedially to reach the inferior pole of the thyroid

tends to supply the postero-inferior aspect

25
Q

What additional artery can be found in a small proportion of the population?

A

thyroid ima artery

originates from the brachiocephalic trunk of aortic arch, supplying the anterior surface and isthmus

26
Q

Describe the venoud drainage of the thyroid

A

superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins form a venous plexus

superior and middle drain into internal jugular

inferior drains into brachiocephalic

27
Q

Describe the innervation of the thyroid gland

A

branches derived from the sympathetic trunk

  • do not control endocrine secretion, which is highly regulated by the pituitary gland
28
Q

What is the submental triangle?

A

found in the neck, situated under the chin

contains submental lymph nodes

bounded:

  • inferiorly: hyoid bone
  • medially: imaginary sagittal midline of the neck
  • laterally: anterior belly of the digastric

base formed by mylohyoid muscle (runs from mandible to the hyoid bone)

29
Q

What is the submandibular triangle?

A

located underneath the body of the mandible

contains the submandibular gland and lymph nodes
facial vein and artery also pass through here

boundaries:

  • superiorly: body of mandible
  • anteriorly: anterior belly of digastric muscle
  • posteriorly: posterior belly of digastric muscle

Phase 2 3. Endocrinology (25 decks)

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