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Neuroscience Quiz 3 > Anatomy Of The Eye > Flashcards

Anatomy Of The Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Where the sclera meets the cornea

A

Limbus (corneosclera junction)

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2
Q

This is a thin membrane covering the sclera

A

Bulbar conjunctiva

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3
Q

Thin transparent membrane on the underside of the eyelids

A

Palpebral conjunctiva

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4
Q

Two regions where the eyelids meet

A

Medial and lateral canthus

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5
Q

This is where tears drain out of the eye

A

Lateral papilla and puncta

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6
Q

What 3 bones make up the medial wall of the orbit?

A

Ethmoid
Lacrimal
Maxillary

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7
Q

What bone makes up the roof of the orbit?

A

Frontal

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8
Q

What bone makes up the floor of the orbit?

A

Maxillary

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9
Q

What 2 bones make up the lateral wall of the orbit?

A

Zygomatic

Greater wing of sphenoid

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10
Q

What bones make up the medial apex and lateral apex of the orbit?

A

Medial apex- lesser wing sphenoid

Lateral apex- greater wing sphenoid

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11
Q

What foramen separates the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid at the apex of the orbit?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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12
Q

The optic canal is located in which orbital bone?

A

Lesser wing of sphenoid

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13
Q

What foramen is located between the maxillary bone and greater wing of the sphenoid?

A

Inferior orbital fissure

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14
Q

What is the membrane that lines the orbit called?

A

Periorbita

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15
Q

These foramen are located between the frontal and ethmoid bones. Where do they open to?

A

Anterior, posterior ethmoid canal

Nasal cavity

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16
Q

Where does the superior orbital fissure open to?

A

Middle cranial fossa

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17
Q

Where does the inferior orbital fissure open to?

A

Pterygopalatine fossa

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18
Q

This foramen is located in the zygomatic bone of the orbit. Where does it open to?

A

Zygomatic foramen

Face

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19
Q

This foramen is between the lacrimal and maxillary bones. Where does it open to?

A

Lacrimal canal

Inferior meatus of nose

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20
Q

What 2 structures are located in the optic canal?

A

Optic nerve

Ophthalmic artery

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21
Q

What 5 structures run in the superior orbital fissure?

A 
Ophthalmic nerve (CNV1) branches 
CNIII
CNIV
CNVI
Ophthalmic veins
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22
Q

What are the 3 branches of the ophthalmic nerve CNV1?

A

Lacrimal
Frontal
Nasociliary

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23
Q

What structure runs through the inferior orbital fissure?

A

Zygomatic nerve CNV2

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24
Q

Which 2 foramina does the zygomatic nerve CNV2 travel through to get to the face?

A

Inferior orbital fissure

Zygomatic foramen

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25
Q

What structure runs through the anterior and posterior ethmoid canals?

A

Anterior and posterior ethmoid nerves (branch of CNV1)

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26
Q

What structure runs through the lacrimal canal?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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27
Q

Which orbit muscle is most superior?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

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28
Q

How do you test the lateral rectus?

A

Look laterally

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29
Q

How would you test the medial rectus?

A

Look medially

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30
Q

How do you test the superior rectus?

A

Look OUT and UP

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31
Q

How do you test the inferior rectus?

A

Look OUT and DOWN

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32
Q

How do you test the superior oblique?

A

Look IN and DOWN

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33
Q

How do you test the inferior oblique?

A

Look IN and UP

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34
Q

The Levator palpebrae muscles attaches to what muscle? What does that muscle attach to?

A

Superior tarsal muscle

Tarsal plate

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35
Q

Loss of parasympathetics or sympathetics cause ptosis?

A

Sympathetics

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36
Q

This structure is superficial to the Levator palpebrae muscle.

A

Frontal nerve

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37
Q

This innervates the lateral part of the eyebrow.

A

Lacrimal n

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38
Q

This innervates the forehead.

A

Supraorbital n

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39
Q

The frontal nerve branches into which 2 nerves?

A

Supraorbital

Supratrochlear

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40
Q

This innervates the medial part of the eyebrow.

A

Supratrochlear n

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41
Q

What 4 nerves branch from the nasociliary nerve?

A

Ciliary ganglion/short ciliary nerves
Long ciliary n
Anterior ethmoidal n
Infratrochlear n

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42
Q

This innervates the medial canthus of the eye.

A

Infratrochlear n

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43
Q

This innervates the outer coverings of the eye and provides corneal sensation.

A

Long ciliary n

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44
Q

This nerve runs with the ophthalmic artery.

A

Nasociliary n

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45
Q

This nerve contains sensory and autonomic fibers from the eye.

A

Short ciliary nerves

46
Q

Parasympathetics to the eye run with which nerve? What do they do?

A

CNIII
Constrict pupil
Contract ciliary muscle for accommodation

47
Q

Contraction of the ciliary muscle allows focus on near objects. How?

A

Contracting ciliary muscle takes tension off suspensory ligaments to the lens so lens becomes rounder.

48
Q

Trace the path of sympathetics to the eye.

A

Upper thoracic spinal nerves–> sympathetic chain –> superior cervical ganglion –> postganglionic fibers with ICA

49
Q

What are the functions of sympathetics in the eye?

A

Dilate pupil

Elevate upper eyelid

50
Q

Trace the path of Parasympathetics to the eye.

A

Midbrain (Occulomotor nucleus) –> CNIII –> ciliary ganglion –> short ciliary nerves

51
Q

This secretes oily substance in tears.

A

Meibomian glands

52
Q

This is swelling of the upper eyelid due to blocked ducts that secrete tears.

A

Chalazion

53
Q

What causes a stye?

A

Blocked or infected ciliary glands on the eyelids

54
Q

This keeps infections of the face and eyelid from getting into the orbit.

A

Orbital septum

55
Q

Conjunctivitis in the eye is what?

A

Tiny blood vessels that dilate from inflammation in the palpebrae conjunctiva

56
Q

Age-related yellow-white deposits in the limbus.

A

Pinguecula

57
Q

Vascular inflammatory tissue growing from the medial side of the eye.

A

Pterygium

58
Q

Describe the production and flow of tears.

A

Lacrimal gland –> across eye –> lacrimal puncta, canaliculi –> lacrimal sac –> nasolacrimal duct –> inferior nasal conchae

59
Q

True or False. The optic nerve is surrounded by dura, arachnoid and CSF.

A

True (it is a projection of the brain)

60
Q

What is the main source of blood to the eyeball? What does it travel with?

A

Central retinal artery

Optic nerve

61
Q

What veins drain the orbit? Where do they drain?

A

Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

Cavernous sinus

62
Q

What is the term for enlarged pupil? Small pupil?

A

Mydriasis

Miosis

63
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the eye?

A

Outer fibrous layer
Middle vascular layer
Inner retinal layer

64
Q

What is the outer layer of the eye?

A

Fibrous tunic

65
Q

What two structures are located within the outer layer of the eye?

A

Sclera

Cornea

66
Q

This functions in maintaining the shape of the eye.

A

Sclera

67
Q

What is the middle layer of the eye?

A

Uveal layer

68
Q

What 3 structures comprise the middle layer of the eye?

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

69
Q

What are the two layers of the inner retinal layer of the eye?

A

Outer pigmented layer

Inner retina proper (neural retina)

70
Q

These anchor the lens to the ciliary body.

A

Ciliary zonule

71
Q

What are the 3 chambers of the eye?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Vitreous

72
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior chamber of the eye?

A

Cornea to iris

73
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior chamber of the eye?

A

Iris to lens

74
Q

What are the boundaries of the vitreous space of the eye?

A

Lens to retina

75
Q

What are the substances found within each chamber of the eye?

A

Anterior, posterior- aqueous humor

Vitreous- vitreous humor

76
Q

What are the “floaters” that some people have in their eyes?

A

Remnants of the hyaloid artery

77
Q

What are the 5 layers of the cornea? Outside–>inside

A 
Epithelium
Bowman's membrane
Stroma
Descemet's membrane
Endothelium
78
Q

What kind of epithelium is the epithelial layer of the cornea?

A

Stratified squamous

79
Q

Which layer of the cornea provides strength?

A

Bowman’s membrane

80
Q

True or False. Corneal cells cannot be regenerated.

A

False. There are basal cells in the epithelial layer that undergo mitosis.

81
Q

Which is the largest layer of the cornea?

A

Stroma

82
Q

True or False. The cornea contains blood vessels and pain fibers.

A

False. It is avascular, but DOES contain pain fibers

83
Q

How does the cornea receive nourishment?

A

Diffusion through the aqueous humor

84
Q

Which layer of the eye is the strongest refracting layer?

A

Cornea

85
Q

Pain fibers to the cornea travel with what nerve?

A

Ophthalmic CNV1

86
Q

What is the process of neovascularization?

A

There are factors that suppress vascular growth in the cornea which become overwhelmed and suppressed by inflammation or injury, leading to vascularization of the cornea (redness).

87
Q

Which layer of the eye is most vascularized?

A

Choroid

88
Q

Where does the outer retina get nourishment?

A

Choroid

89
Q

What 3 layers of the eye are highly pigmented?

A

Choroid
Pigmented retina
Iris

90
Q

What must occur for one to focus on CLOSE objects?

A

Contraction of ciliary muscle causing loosening of zonule fibers on the lens which can become round

91
Q

What structure manufactures aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary body

92
Q

This is age-related degeneration of the elasticity of the lens requiring bifocals.

A

Presbyopia

93
Q

True or False. The lens is avascular.

A

True

94
Q

What are the 3 main components of the lens?

A

Capsule
Subcapsular epithelium
Lens fibers

95
Q

What is the most common form of age-related cataracts?

A

Opacity of the lens fibers at the center of the lens

96
Q

What is the term for farsightedness? What causes it?

A

Hyperopia

Light focuses BEHIND the retina

97
Q

What is the term for nearsightedness? What causes it?

A

Myopia

Light focuses IN FRONT OF the retina

98
Q

What 2 muscles are located in the iris? What activates them?

A

Dilator pupillae fibers- sympathetics

Constrictor/sphincter pupillae muscle- parasympathetics

99
Q

Where is aqueous humor reabsorbed into the venous system?

A

Canal of Schlemm

100
Q

What is the cause of glaucoma?

A

Inadequate absorption of aqueous humor causing pressure to build up

101
Q

What are the 2 layers of the retina?

A

Inner neural layer

Outer pigmented layer

102
Q

What are the 3 cellular layers of the neural retina? Out–>In

A

Ganglion
Bipolar
Rods, cones

103
Q

Region where the neural elements of the retina disappear moving anteriorly.

A

Ora serrata

104
Q

Region between where the rods/cones of the retina disappear anteriorly and the ciliary body starts.

A

Pars plana

105
Q

This is the site of entry for the optic nerve and central retinal vessels.

A

Optic disc

106
Q

What is the region with the greatest number of cones? What is at the center?

A

Macula lutea

Fovea centralis

107
Q

What is retinal detachment?

A

Detaching neural retina from the pigmented layer and choroid

108
Q

What is the most common cause of vision loss in the elderly?

A

Macular degeneration

109
Q

What are the 5 major cell types in the retina?

A 
Photoreceptor
Horizontal cell
Bipolar cell
Amacrine cell
Ganglion cell
110
Q

How does Vitamin A deficiency cause blindness?

A

Reduced rhodopsin levels in rods

Neuroscience Quiz 3 (1 decks)

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