Anatomy of the CVS 1

Question 1

Where is the heart located?

Answer 1

Middle of the mediastinum

Question 2

Where are arteries not found?

Answer 2

cartilage

Question 3

Where are lymphatics not found?

Answer 3

brain, eye

Question 4

What are the main circulations of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 4

PULMONARY
-heart-lung-heart

SYSTEMIC
-heart -body-heart

Also the

• hepatic portal circulation
• lymphatic system

Question 5

Between which thoracic vertebrae does the heart lie when in recumbent position

Answer 5

T5-T8

Question 6

Where does the apex (left ventricle) of the heart lie?

Answer 6

5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line

Question 7

Where does the left atrium (base) of the heart lie?

Answer 7

Wholly posterior lies anterior tot he oesophageal

Question 8

Where can the heart drop to when standing?

Answer 8

T6

Question 9

What is dextrocardia?

Answer 9

Situs-Inverses of the heart meaning that the apex points towards the right instead of left

Question 10

What lies anterior to the heart?

Answer 10

• Sternum & costal cartilages 4-7
• Ant. edges lungs and pleurae
• Thymic remnants (thymus gland)

Question 11

What useful landmark marks the top of the heart?

Answer 11

T4

Question 12

What lies posterior tot he heart?

Answer 12

• Oesophagus
• Descending aorta
• Thoracic vertebrae

Question 13

What lies lateral to the heart?

Answer 13

lungs

Phrenic nerves

Question 14

What lies inferior to the heart?

Answer 14

central tendon of the diaphragm

Question 15

What are the layers of the heart?

Answer 15

Endocardium (innermost)
-Epithelium + *BM + connective tissue

Myocardium (middle)
-Cardiac muscle

Epicardium (outermost)
-Connective tissue + *BM + Epithelium (visceral layer of the serous pericardium)

Question 16

What are the layers of the pericardium?

Answer 16

Epicardium epithelium - visceral layer of the pericardium

Parietal layer of the serous pericardium

Fibrous pericardium (outermost)

Question 17

What is the structure and the functions of the endocardium?

Answer 17

Simple squamous epithelium sitting on basement membrane

Sits on connective tissue

• Lines heart chambers
• Forms valves

Question 18

What is the structure of function of the myocardium?

Answer 18

Thick middle layer of heart wall

Cardiac muscle (Myocytes) – branching fibres

Striated muscle, lots of mitochondria, single central nucleus

Rich capillary bed

Muscle bundles in different planes to close down chamber lumen

Myocytes connected by intercalated discs forming a functional syncytium

Question 19

What is the structure and functions of the epicardium?

Answer 19

Outer layer of heart wall

Simple squamous epithelium + BM + Connective tissue

Epicardium contains main branches of coronary arteries

Question 20

What are the functions of the valves?

Answer 20

Control direction of blood flow

Question 21

What is the structure of the heart valves?

Answer 21

Cusps - thin structures derived from endocardium

Question 22

What is the function of chordae tendineae

Answer 22

Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles prevent valve failure (only in AV valves)

The chordae tendineae join the cusps of the valve with papillary muscles.

Papillary muscle contraction prevents the valves from upturning when ventricles contract.

Question 23

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

Answer 23

• tricuspid (right artrioventicular)
• mitral (left artrioventicular)
• aortic valve (semilunar)
• pulmonary valve (semilunar)

Question 24

Describe the fibrous skeleton

Answer 24

Provides structural support to

• Atrioventricular septum
• Roots of great vessels
• Anchorage for valves
• Myocytes/capillary network

Electrical insulation

• Atria from ventricles
• Myocardium from great vessels

Composed of dance connective tissue