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Block 1 Anatomy > Anatomy of the Back > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Back Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

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2
Q

Name the five muscles of the superficial back.

A

Trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid minor, rhomboid major, latissimus dorsi

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3
Q

Which muscles move the shoulder girdle?

A

trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid minor, and rhomboid major

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4
Q

Which muscle inserts into the intertubercular groove of the humerus?

A

latissimus dorsi

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5
Q

Where does the trapezius muscle insert?

A

Medial margin of the clavicle; medial margin of the acromion; medial margin of the scapular spine

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6
Q

Which muscle(s) does the dorsal scapular nerve innervate?

A

levator scapulae, rhomboid minor, and rhomboid major

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7
Q

What innervates the latissimus dorsi?

A

thoracodorsal nerve

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8
Q

What is the function of the latissimus dorsi?

A

arm: extend, med. rotate, adduct

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9
Q

What is included in the appendicular skeleton?

A

bones of upper and lowers limbs, as well as the shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle

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10
Q

What is cartilage?

A

an avascular connective tissue. made of EC fibers embedded in a matrix

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  1. hyaline
  2. elastic
  3. fibrocartilage
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12
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A

compact and spongy

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13
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Layer of connective tissue surrounding all bones (except where articular cartilage is present) that forms new bone. It itself is innervated and vascularized.

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14
Q

Two types of joints

A
  1. synovial joints - bones separated by a cavity

2. solid joints - no cavity; held together by connective tissue

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15
Q

Structure of a synovial joint

A

articular cavity full of synovial fluid is enclosed by the joint/articular capsule

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16
Q

Describe the articular cavity

A

formed between the hyaline cartilage on the joint bones; contains synovial fluid and often and is directly enclosed by the inner synovial membrane

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17
Q

3 types of fibrous joints

A
  1. sutures - adjacent bones form sutural ligament (only in skull)
  2. gomphoses - short fibers in periodontal ligament run from tooth into bony socket
  3. syndesmoses - where 2 adjacent bones linked by ligament (ex: radius and ulna)
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18
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints

A
  1. synchondroses - where ossification centers in 2 developing bones remain separated by cartilage (ex: growth plate)
  2. symphyses - where 2 bones are interconnected by cartilage (ex: intervertebral discs)
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19
Q

Curvatures of the spine

A

thoracic and sacral/coccygeal curvatures = primary; concave anteriorly
cervical and lumbar curvatures = secondary; concave posteriorly

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20
Q

2 Muscle groups of the back

A
  1. intrinsic - maintain posture, move vertebral column; embryologically originate from back
  2. extrinsic - move upper limbs and ribs; embryologically originate from places other than back
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21
Q

How many vertebrae total and in each segment?

A

33 total:

7 cervical; 12 thoracic; 5 lumbar; 5 [fused] sacral; 3-4 [fused] coccygeal

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22
Q

3 Organization groups/layers of the back muscles

A
  1. superficial - move upper limbs; extrinsic
  2. intermediate - attach to ribs for respiration; extrinsic
  3. deep - move vertebral column and head; intrinsic
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23
Q

In general, the superficial muscles of the back attach what bones to what bones?

A

superior appendicular skeleton (clavicle, scapula, humerus) to axial skeleton (skull, ribs, vertebral column)

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24
Q

5 major muscles of the superficial back

A
  1. trapezius (most superficial)
  2. latissimus dorsi
  3. rhomboid major
  4. rhomboid minor
  5. levator scapulae
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25
Q

Protraction

A

to move anteriorly (forward)

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26
Q

Retraction

A

to move posteriorly (backward)

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27
Q

Sternoclavicular joint

A

joins the proximal (medial) end of the clavicle with the clavicular notch of the sternum; synovial and saddle-shaped (for shoulder shrugging)

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28
Q

Acromioclavicular joint

A

joins the [medial end of the] acromion to the clavicle at the distal (lateral) end of the clavicle; synovial joint; directly supported by the acromioclavicular ligament

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29
Q

Coracoclavicular ligament

A

a supporting ligament of the acromioclavicular joint; it actually doesn’t connect to the acromion but rather consists of the trapezoid ligament and conoid ligament, both of which join the superior-lateral scapula with the clavicle

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30
Q

trapezoid ligament

A

connects the superior border of the scapula to the distal end of the clavicle

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31
Q

conoid ligament

A

connects the superior border of the scapula to the conoid trubercle

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32
Q

4 ligaments that support the sternoclavicular ligament and their links

A
  1. anterior sternoclavicular ligament - links sternum to clavicle anteriorly
  2. posterior sternoclavicular ligament - links sternum to clavicle posteriorly
  3. interclavicular ligament - links clavicle to clavicle (over sternum)
  4. costoclavicular ligament - links rib 1 to proximal end of clavicle
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33
Q

Erector spinae

A

largest of intrinsic back muscles which has the appearance of 3 vertical columns spanning sacrum to skull - arises from large thick tendon attached to sacrum, lumbar/lower thoracic spinous processes, and iliac crest

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34
Q

Borders of the thoracolumbar fascia

A
  • superior: anterior to the serratus posterior muscle
  • anterior: runs between intermediate and deep muscles
  • medially: spinous processes
  • laterally: angles of ribs
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35
Q

3 layers of thoracolumbar fascia in the lumbar region

A
  1. posterior - covers erector spinae from spinous processes
  2. middle - runs medially from transverse processes, sits anterior to lat. dorsi
  3. anterior - runs medially from transverse processes, sits anterior to quadratus lumborum muscle
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36
Q

denticulate ligament location

A

ligament that runs laterally out from the spinal cord to attach to the arachnoid mater

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37
Q

lateral attachments of the denticular ligament

A

the ligament forms a set of triangular extensions that anchor through the arachnoid mater to the dura mater

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38
Q

coccygeal ligament

A

lower portion of the filium terminale, it extends from the bottom of the conus medullaris to maintain longitudinal support of the cord

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39
Q

epidural space

A

the space above the dura mater

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40
Q

ligamentum flavum

A

ligaments the runs longitudinally along the vertebrae connecting the lamina of each posterior body to the next, creating the vertebral canal

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41
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament

A

ligaments the runs longitudinally along the vertebrae at the posterior region of the anterior body, anterior to the vertebral canal

42
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament

A

ligaments the runs longitudinally along the vertebrae at the anterior region of the anterior body

43
Q

foramen/vertebral canal

A

space between the anterior body and the posterior body of a vertebra; space that carries the spinal cord

44
Q

supraspinous ligament

A

runs longitudinally along the spinous processes, i.e., connecting posterior ends of the spinous processes

45
Q

intraspinous ligament

A

runs longitudinally between the spinous processes, i.e., inferior to one spinous process and superior to the next

46
Q

ligamentum nuchae

A

sheet-like ligament in the median sagittal plane that connects the skull (external occipital protuberance) to the tip of spinous process at C7; functions to support the head

47
Q

zygapophysial joint

A

synovial joints occurring between adjacent vertebrae, located directly between the vertebral arches

48
Q

Dorsal rami

A

spinal nerves that supply dorsal somatic sensation, intrinsic skeletal motor innervation, and autonomic motor innervation to visceral structures

49
Q

Ventral rami: C1-C4

A
  • form cervical plexus

- supply somatic and autonomic innervation to anterior and lateral neck

50
Q

Ventral rami: C5-T1

A
  • form brachial plexus

- supply somatic and autonomic innervation to upper limb

51
Q

Ventral rami: T1-T11

A
  • form intercostal nerves (no plexus)

- supply somatic and autonomic innervation to anterolateral thoracic and upper abdominal walls

52
Q

Ventral rami: T12

A
  • form subcostal nerve (no plexus)

- supply somatic and autonomic innervation to anterolateral thoracic and upper abdominal walls

53
Q

Ventral rami: L1-S4

A
  • form lumbar plexus
  • also form sacral plexus
  • supply somatic and autonomic innervation to lower abdominal walls, pelvis, and lower limb
54
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31:

8C, 12T, 5L, 5S, 1Cg

55
Q

Do the spinal nerves exit above or below the the corresponding vertebral level?

A
  • for C1-C7, they exit above correspondingly numbered vertebra
  • for C8, it exits below C7 (there is no C8 vetebra)
  • then T1 exits above correspondingly numbered vertebra, but after that it gets off
56
Q

What encloses the articular cavity?

A

encloses articular cavity; highly vascular and produces fluid

57
Q

What is the joint or articular capsule?

A

outer fibrous membrane of the synovial joint which encloses and stabilizes joint; may thicken to form ligaments

58
Q

What are capsular ligaments?

A

intrinsic ligaments responsible for support and stability of the joint, and for limiting movement

59
Q

What is an articular disc or meniscus?

A

discs within the articular cavity that increase compatibility of the articulating surfaces

60
Q

What are extrinsic ligaments?

A

ligaments found on the outside of the joint which serve to stabilize the joint

61
Q

Bursae

A

an extension of the synovial membrane and joint capsule; contains synovial fluid to decrease resistance with nearby structures such as muscles

62
Q

What are the 2 important joints in the shoulder girdle?

A

sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular - connect sternum to clavicle (medial) and acromion to clavicle (lateral)

63
Q

What are the 3 main ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint?

A

at the joint itself: acromioclavicular ligament

medial to the joint: trapezoid and conoid ligament

64
Q

Where is the conoid tubercle and what attaches to it?

A

located on the inferior side of the clavicle, where the conoid ligament inserts

65
Q

What do the coracoclavicular ligaments connect?

A

they connect the clavicle to the coracoid process, located on the scapula

66
Q

What inserts into the glenoid cavity?

A

the proximal end of the humerus

67
Q

Which clavicular joint is more prone to dislocation?

A

the acromioclavicular joint

68
Q

What is unique about the acromioclavicular joint?

A

it’s the only bony attachment of the scapula

69
Q

dentate ligament function

A

functions to maintain the central position of the spinal cord in between the subarachnoid space

70
Q

What are the ventral rami and what do they innervate?

A

peripheral/spinal nerve processes that run from the spinal cord (split after the root junction); innervate the extrinsic muscles of the back

71
Q

What are the dorsal rami and what do they innervate?

A

peripheral/spinal nerve processes that run from the spinal cord (split after the root junction); innervate the intrinsic muscles of the back

72
Q

On what level is the serratus posterior superior?

A

it’s in the intermediate muscle level

73
Q

The serratus posterior superior muscle lies deep to which muscle?

A

rhomboid minor and rhomboid major

74
Q

The serratus posterior superior inserts where?

A

upper ribs 2-5 lateral to their angles

75
Q

The serratus posterior superior originates where?

A

lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T3, and supraspinous ligaments

76
Q

Which muscles function in the movement of the shoulder girdle?

A

trapezius; levator scapulae; rhomboid minor; rhomboid major

77
Q

Where does the trapezius originate and insert?

A

origin: occipital protuberance of the skull at C1
insertion: medial margin of lateral 1/3 clavicle; medial margin acromion; medial margin scapular spine

78
Q

What nerve innervates the rhomboids?

A

subtrapexial nerve plexus

79
Q

What does the dorsal scapular nerve innervate?

A

levator scapulae, rhomboid minor, rhomboid major

80
Q

What does the subtrapezial nerve plexus consist of?

A

CN XI, C3 ventral rami, C4 ventral rami

81
Q

Where does the levator scapulae originate and insert?

A

origin: C1-C4 transverse processes
insertion: medial border of the scapula above the scapular spine

82
Q

What nerve innervates the levator scapulae?

A

dorsal scapular nerve

83
Q

What nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi?

A

thoracodorsal nerve

84
Q

Where does the latissimus dorsi originate and insert?

A

origin: T6-L5 spinous processes, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest
insertion: tubercular groove of humerus

85
Q

What is the function of the latissimus dorsi?

A

to extend, adduct, and medially rotate the arm

86
Q

Where do most muscle receive innervation and vascularization?

A

on the under/deep surfaces

87
Q

What are the borders of the axilla?

A

anterior: pectoralis major and minor
posterior: subscapularis, lat. dorsi, teres major
medial: serratus anterior and upper ribs
lateral: lat. dorsi and pect. major insert to ITG
base: axillary fascia
apex: clavicle, scapula, sternum intersection

88
Q

Axillary vein was the ___ vein and becomes the ___ vein.

A

basilic; subclavian

89
Q

Which rami form the brachial plexus?

A

ventral C5-T1

90
Q

the posterior cord innervates…

A

…muscles of dorsal arm and shoulder

91
Q

the lateral cord innervates…

A

…muscles of ventral arm and chest

92
Q

the medial cord innervates…

A

…muscles of ventral arm and chest

93
Q

Lateral pectoral nerve innervates…

A

…pectoralis major muscle

94
Q

Medial pectoral nerve innervates…

A

…pectoralis minor and major muscles

95
Q

The suprascapular nerve innervates what muscle?

A

supraspinatus and infraspinatus

96
Q

Median nerve innervation

A

most muscles of forearm, thumb muscles in hand

97
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve innervates what?

A

ventral (flexor) muscles of arm, lateral skin of forearm

98
Q

Axillary nerve innervation

A

deltoid and teres minor

99
Q

Radial nerve innervation

A

dorsal muscle mass and skin of the arm and forearm

100
Q

Axillary artery supplies what region(s)?

A

shoulder, axilla, upper limb

Block 1 Anatomy (2 decks)

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