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Airway Management > Anatomy of the Airway > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Airway Flashcards

1
Q

Air passages starting ______ are necessary for the delivery of
respiratory gas to and from the alveoli.

A

from the nose and ending at the bronchioles

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2
Q

The airway is divided into the

A

UPPER AIRWAY
LOWER AIRWAY

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3
Q

UPPER AIRWAY, which extends from the

A

nose to the glottis or thoracic inlet

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4
Q

(unsterile/non-sterile, because it filters everything in our body, where the bacteria is mostly seen)

A

UPPER AIRWAY

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5
Q

is an accessory organ, because ginagamit din siya for breathing.

A

Mouth

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6
Q

includes the trachea, the bronchi and the subdivisions of the bronchi.

A

LOWER AIRWAY

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7
Q

sterile airway

A

lower airway

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8
Q

If lower airway is not sterile, it will cause

A

pneumonia.

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9
Q

The airways also serve other important functions, such as

A

olfaction
deglutition
phonation

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10
Q

sense of smell

A

OLFACTION

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11
Q

swallowing

A

DEGLUTITION

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12
Q

creation of sound

A

PHONATION

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13
Q

The airway functionally begins at the _______, where air first enters the body.

A

nares and the mouth

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14
Q

The nose serves a number of functions:

A

RESPIRATION
OLFACTION
HUMIDIFICATION
FILTRATION
PHONATION

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15
Q

movement of air in and out of the lungs

A

RESPIRATION

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16
Q

sense of smell

A

OLFACTION

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17
Q

moisten and warm (note: to avoid dryness to the respiratory system)

A

HUMIDIFICATION

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18
Q

air gets filtered through vibrissae/nose hair/nasal hair

A

FILTRATION

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19
Q

production or utterance of speech sounds

A

PHONATION

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20
Q

Larger nasal cavity changes your

A

voice intonation.

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21
Q

In the adult human, two nasal fossae extend _____ from the ___

A

10 to 14 cm

nostrils to the nasopharynx.

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22
Q

The two fossae are divided by a _____ together with the
______

A

midline quadrilateral cartilaginous septum

two extreme medial positions of the lateral cartilages.

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23
Q

Nasal septum is composed mainly of the_____

A

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone descending
from the cribriform plate, the septal cartilage, and the vomer.

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24
Q

It is normally a midline structural but can be deviated to one side.

A

nasal septum

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25
Q

Has 3 nasal bases in nassal fossa

A

Turbinate bases

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26
Q

Turbinate bases

A
  1. Upper (Superior)
  2. Middle
  3. Lower (Inferior)
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27
Q

Each nasal fossa is ____ and provides approximately_____ for warming
and humidifying the inspired air.

A

convoluted

60 cm2 surface area per side

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28
Q

The nose is also able to ____ to a temperature of _____, over a wide range of
ambient temperatures from ____

A

prewarm inspired air

32°C to 34°C

8°C to 40°C.

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29
Q

The nasal fossa is bounded laterally by _____, which
divided the fossa into scroll-like spaces called the ______

A

inferior, middle, and superior turbinate bones (conchae)

inferior, middle, and superior meatuses

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30
Q

usually limits the size of the nasotracheal tube that can be passed through the nose,

A

Inferior turbinate

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31
Q

damage to the lateral wall of nasal fossa may occur as a result of

A

vigorous attempts during nasotracheal intubation.

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32
Q

The turbinates have a rich vascular supply that affords the nasal airway the ability to

A

extend or contract
according to the degree of vascular engorgement.

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33
Q

sinuses drain
through apertures into the lateral wall of
the nose.

A

The paired paranasal

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33
Q

sinuses drain
through apertures into the lateral wall of
the nose.

A

The paired paranasal

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34
Q

may lead to infection of the
maxillary sinus due to obstruction of the
ostia.

A

Prolonged nasotracheal
intubation

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35
Q

4 TYPES OF SINUSES

A

SPHENOID
 ETHMOID
 MAXILLARY
 FRONTAL

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36
Q

THE OLFACTORY AREA is Located in the

A

upper third of the nasal
fossa

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37
Q

THE OLFACTORY AREA consists of the

A

middle and
upper septum and the superior
turbinate bone.

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38
Q

Olfactory cells have specialized hairlike
processes, called the ____
which are innervated by the _____

A

OLFACTORY HAIR

OLFACTORY
NERVE.

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39
Q

THE RESPIRATORY PORTION is Located in the

A

lower third of the nasal
fossa

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40
Q

Respiratory mucous membrane
consists of

A

ciliated columnar cells
containing goblet cells and nonciliated
columnar cells with microvilli and basal
cells.

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41
Q

pharynx size

A

12 to 15 cm long,

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42
Q

PHARYNX extends from the _____ anteriorly and the _____ posteriorly.

A

base of the skull to the level of the cricoid cartilage

inferior border of the sixth cervical vertebra

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43
Q

pharynx is widest at the level of the _____ and narrowest at the level of the
_______, which is the most common site for obstruction after foreign body aspiration.

A

hyoid bone (5 cm)

esophagus (1.5 cm)

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44
Q

is the most
common site for obstruction after foreign
body aspiration.

A

pharynx esophargus part

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45
Q

pharynx is Further subdivided into

A

nasopharynx,
oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

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46
Q

(superior) pharynx

A

NASOPHARYNX

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47
Q

Primarily has a respiratory function, lies posterior to
the termination of the turbinates and nasal septum
and extends to the soft palate.

A

NASOPHARYNX

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48
Q

(middle) pharynx

A

OROPHARYNX

49
Q

Has primarily a digestive function, starts below
the soft palate, and extends to the superior edge of
the epiglottis.

A

oropharynx

50
Q

pharynx na dinadaanan ng food

A

oropharynx

51
Q

Lies between the fourth and sixth cervical
vertebrae, starts at the superior border of the
epiglottis, and extends to the inferior border of
the cricoid cartilage, where it narrows and
becomes continuous with the esophagus.

A

LARYNGOPHARYNX

52
Q

LARYNGOPHARYNX aka?

A

(HYPOPHARYNX)

53
Q

inferior pharynx

A

LARYNGOPHARYNX

54
Q

The lateral walls of the oropharynx are situated the

A

tonsillar pillars of the fauces.

55
Q

The anterior pillar of orpharynx contains the _____, and
the posterior pillar contains the _______

A

glossopharyngeus muscle

palatoglossus muscle.

56
Q

The wall of the pharynx consists of _____ layers
of muscles. Each layer is composed of ______

A

two

three paired muscles.

57
Q

2 layers of pharynx

A

External circular layer
Internal longitudinal layer

58
Q

External circular layer

A
  1. Superior
  2. Middle
  3. Inferior Constrictors
59
Q

Internal longitudinal layer

A
  1. Stylopharyngeus,
  2. Salpingopharyngeus
  3. Palatopharyngeus
60
Q

Advance the food in a coordinated fashion
from the oropharynx into the esophagus.

A

External circular layer

61
Q

Elevates the pharynx and shorten the
larynxduring deglutition.

A

Internal longitudinal layer

62
Q

LARYNX location

A

Lies in the adult neck opposite the third through
sixth cervical vertebrae.

63
Q

Situated at the crossroads between the food and
air passages (or conduits).

A

LARYNX

64
Q

LARYNX is made up of

A

cartilages forming the skeletal
framework, ligaments, membranes and
muscles.

65
Q

Its primary function is to serve as the “watchdog”
of the respiratory tract,

A

LARYNX

66
Q

allowing passage only to
air and preventing secretions, food, and foreign
bodies from entering the trachea.

A

LARYNX

67
Q

prevents food from entering the
lower respiratory system.

A

“Watchdog” larynx

68
Q

In addition, it functions as the organ of the
phonation (voicebox).

A

LARYNX

69
Q

At the puberty, the larynx develops more rapidly

A

in males than in females, almost
doubling in the anteroposterior diameter.

70
Q

The female larynx is

A

smaller and more
cephalad.

71
Q

The measurement of the length, transverse diameter;
and sagittal diameter of the adult larynx:

A

44, 36 and 43 mm, respectively in the male

41, 36, and 26 mm, respectively in the
female.

72
Q

The inlet to the larynx is bounded anteriorly by the
_____, posteriorly by______, and laterally by the _____

A

upper edge of the epiglottis

a fold of mucous membrane stretched between the two arytenoid cartilages

aryepiglottic folds

73
Q

suspends and anchors the larynx
during the respiratory and phonatory movement.

A

The hyoid bone

74
Q

It is U shaped, and its name is derived from the
Greek word _____, meaning _____

A

hyoeides

shaped like the letter upsilon.

75
Q

hyoid bone has a body, which is ______ and
______

A

2.5 cm wide by 1 cm thick

greater and lesser horns (cornu).

76
Q

does not articulate with any
other bone.

A

The hyoid

77
Q

hyoid is attached to the _____ and to the _____

A

styloid process of the temporal bones by the stylohyoid ligament

thyroid cartilage by
the thyrohyoid membrane and muscle.

78
Q

______ originate on
the hyoid, and the _____ are also attached here.

A

Intrinsic tongue muscles

pharyngeal
constrictors

79
Q

nine cartilages provide the framework of
the larynx.

A

These are the unpaired thyroid, cricoid,
and epiglotties and the paired
arytheroids, corniculates and
cuneiforms.

80
Q

They are connected and
supported by membranes,
synovial joints and ligaments.

A

CARTILAGES OF THE LARYNX

81
Q

The ligaments, when covered by
mucous membranes, are called

A

folds.

82
Q

_____ consist of hyaline cartilage,
whereas the other cartilages are ___

A

The thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages

elastic cartilage.

83
Q

Hyaline cartilage tends to ossify in the
_____ and this occurs earlier in _____

A

adult,

men
than in women.

84
Q

The longest laryngeal cartilage

A

THYROID CARTILAGE

85
Q

the largest structure in the larynx,

A

THYROID CARTILAGE

86
Q

thyroid cartilage acquires its shieldlike shape from the

A

embryologic midline fusion of the two
distinct quadrilateral laminae.

87
Q

thyroid cartilage: In females, the sides join at an angle of
approximately _____; in males,
the angle is closer to _______

A

120 degrees

90 degrees.

88
Q

This smaller thyroid angle explains the

A

greater laryngeal prominence (Adam’s
apple), longer vocal cords, and lower-
pitched voice in males.

89
Q

The thyroid notch lies in the

A

midline at
the top of the fusion of the two laminae.

90
Q

Represents the anatomic lower limit
of the larynx and helps support it.

A

CRICOID CARTILAGE

91
Q

The name cricoid is derived from the
Greek words________,
meaning ______,

A

krikos and eidos

shaped like a ring

92
Q

it is frequently said to have a signet-ring
shape.

A

CRICOID CARTILAGE

93
Q

It is thicker and stronger than the
thyroid cartilage.

A

CRICOID CARTILAGE

94
Q

Represents the only complete cartilaginous ring in the airway.

A

CRICOID CARTILAGE

95
Q

are shaped like three- sided pyramids, pyramids, and
they lie in the posterior aspect of the
larynx.

A

Two light arytenoid cartilages

96
Q

The base of the arytenoid is

A

concave

97
Q

it is described as a ball and socket
with three movements – rocking or
rotating, gliding and pivoting – that
control adduction and abduction of the
vocal cords.

A

The base of the arytenoid

98
Q

Considered to be vestigial by many authorities.

A

EPIGLOTTIS

99
Q

epiglottis is Composed primarily of

A

fibroelastic cartilage,

100
Q

epiglottis does not ____ and maintains _____

A

ossify

some flexibility throughout life.

101
Q

It is shaped like a leaf and is found between the
larynx and the base of the tongue.

A

EPIGLOTTIS

102
Q

The anterior surface of the epiglottis is

A

concave,

103
Q

The anterior surface of the epiglottis is concave, and
this, in combination with ______, aids in
_______.

A

laryngeal elevation

airway protection during deglutition

104
Q

reinforce and support the
aryepiglottic folds and may help the
arytenoids move.

A

CUNEIFORM AND CORNICULATE
CARTILAGES

105
Q

The adult trachea begins at the

A

cricoid cartilage,
opposite the sixth cervical vertebra.

106
Q

trachea size

A

It is 10 to 20 cm long and 12 mm in diameter

107
Q

trachea is _____ and contains ______

A

flattened posteriorly

16 to 20
horseshoe-shaped cartilaginous rings.

108
Q

At the sixth ring, the trachea becomes

A

intrathoracic.

109
Q

The first and last rings of trachea are

A

broader than the rest.

110
Q

The lower borders of the last ring split and curve
interiorly between the two bronchi to form the

A

carina at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra
(angle of Louis, second intercostal space.)

111
Q

The posterior part of the trachea, void of cartilage,

A

consist
of a membrane of smooth muscle and fibroelastic tissue
joining the ends of the cartilages.

112
Q

In the adult, the right main stem bronchus is _______ than the
left main stem bronchus.

A

wider and shorter and takes off at a steeper angle

113
Q

ETTs, suction catheters, and foreign bodies more rapidly enter the

A

right bronchial
lumen.

114
Q

The right main stem bronchus Gives rise to

A

three lobar bronchi,

115
Q

The left stem bronchus Gives rise to

A

two lobar bronchi

116
Q

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT (LRT)
a.k.a. TRACHEOBRACHIAL TREE (23 GENERATIONS)

A

Conducting Zones
1. Trachea
2. Main bronchi
3. Lobar bronchi
4. Segmental bronchi
5. Terminal bronchioles

Respiratory Zones
6. Respiratory bronchioles
7. Alveolar ducts
8. Alveolar sacs
9. Alveolus
10. Capillaries

117
Q

2 zones of tracheobronchial tree

A

conducting
respiratory

118
Q

conducting zone

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Main bronchi
  3. Lobar bronchi
  4. Segmental bronchi
  5. Terminal bronchioles
119
Q

Respiratory Zones

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveolar sacs
  4. Alveolus
  5. Capillaries

Airway Management (2 decks)

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