Anatomy of the Airway Flashcards
Air passages starting ______ are necessary for the delivery of
respiratory gas to and from the alveoli.
from the nose and ending at the bronchioles
The airway is divided into the
UPPER AIRWAY
LOWER AIRWAY
UPPER AIRWAY, which extends from the
nose to the glottis or thoracic inlet
(unsterile/non-sterile, because it filters everything in our body, where the bacteria is mostly seen)
UPPER AIRWAY
is an accessory organ, because ginagamit din siya for breathing.
Mouth
includes the trachea, the bronchi and the subdivisions of the bronchi.
LOWER AIRWAY
sterile airway
lower airway
If lower airway is not sterile, it will cause
pneumonia.
The airways also serve other important functions, such as
olfaction
deglutition
phonation
sense of smell
OLFACTION
swallowing
DEGLUTITION
creation of sound
PHONATION
The airway functionally begins at the _______, where air first enters the body.
nares and the mouth
The nose serves a number of functions:
RESPIRATION
OLFACTION
HUMIDIFICATION
FILTRATION
PHONATION
movement of air in and out of the lungs
RESPIRATION
sense of smell
OLFACTION
moisten and warm (note: to avoid dryness to the respiratory system)
HUMIDIFICATION
air gets filtered through vibrissae/nose hair/nasal hair
FILTRATION
production or utterance of speech sounds
PHONATION
Larger nasal cavity changes your
voice intonation.
In the adult human, two nasal fossae extend _____ from the ___
10 to 14 cm
nostrils to the nasopharynx.
The two fossae are divided by a _____ together with the
______
midline quadrilateral cartilaginous septum
two extreme medial positions of the lateral cartilages.
Nasal septum is composed mainly of the_____
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone descending
from the cribriform plate, the septal cartilage, and the vomer.
It is normally a midline structural but can be deviated to one side.
nasal septum
Has 3 nasal bases in nassal fossa
Turbinate bases
Turbinate bases
- Upper (Superior)
- Middle
- Lower (Inferior)
Each nasal fossa is ____ and provides approximately_____ for warming
and humidifying the inspired air.
convoluted
60 cm2 surface area per side
The nose is also able to ____ to a temperature of _____, over a wide range of
ambient temperatures from ____
prewarm inspired air
32°C to 34°C
8°C to 40°C.
The nasal fossa is bounded laterally by _____, which
divided the fossa into scroll-like spaces called the ______
inferior, middle, and superior turbinate bones (conchae)
inferior, middle, and superior meatuses
usually limits the size of the nasotracheal tube that can be passed through the nose,
Inferior turbinate
damage to the lateral wall of nasal fossa may occur as a result of
vigorous attempts during nasotracheal intubation.
The turbinates have a rich vascular supply that affords the nasal airway the ability to
extend or contract
according to the degree of vascular engorgement.
sinuses drain
through apertures into the lateral wall of
the nose.
The paired paranasal
sinuses drain
through apertures into the lateral wall of
the nose.
The paired paranasal
may lead to infection of the
maxillary sinus due to obstruction of the
ostia.
Prolonged nasotracheal
intubation
4 TYPES OF SINUSES
SPHENOID
ETHMOID
MAXILLARY
FRONTAL
THE OLFACTORY AREA is Located in the
upper third of the nasal
fossa
THE OLFACTORY AREA consists of the
middle and
upper septum and the superior
turbinate bone.
Olfactory cells have specialized hairlike
processes, called the ____
which are innervated by the _____
OLFACTORY HAIR
OLFACTORY
NERVE.
THE RESPIRATORY PORTION is Located in the
lower third of the nasal
fossa
Respiratory mucous membrane
consists of
ciliated columnar cells
containing goblet cells and nonciliated
columnar cells with microvilli and basal
cells.
pharynx size
12 to 15 cm long,
PHARYNX extends from the _____ anteriorly and the _____ posteriorly.
base of the skull to the level of the cricoid cartilage
inferior border of the sixth cervical vertebra
pharynx is widest at the level of the _____ and narrowest at the level of the
_______, which is the most common site for obstruction after foreign body aspiration.
hyoid bone (5 cm)
esophagus (1.5 cm)
is the most
common site for obstruction after foreign
body aspiration.
pharynx esophargus part
pharynx is Further subdivided into
nasopharynx,
oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
(superior) pharynx
NASOPHARYNX
Primarily has a respiratory function, lies posterior to
the termination of the turbinates and nasal septum
and extends to the soft palate.
NASOPHARYNX
(middle) pharynx
OROPHARYNX
Has primarily a digestive function, starts below
the soft palate, and extends to the superior edge of
the epiglottis.
oropharynx
pharynx na dinadaanan ng food
oropharynx
Lies between the fourth and sixth cervical
vertebrae, starts at the superior border of the
epiglottis, and extends to the inferior border of
the cricoid cartilage, where it narrows and
becomes continuous with the esophagus.
LARYNGOPHARYNX
LARYNGOPHARYNX aka?
(HYPOPHARYNX)
inferior pharynx
LARYNGOPHARYNX
The lateral walls of the oropharynx are situated the
tonsillar pillars of the fauces.
The anterior pillar of orpharynx contains the _____, and
the posterior pillar contains the _______
glossopharyngeus muscle
palatoglossus muscle.
The wall of the pharynx consists of _____ layers
of muscles. Each layer is composed of ______
two
three paired muscles.
2 layers of pharynx
External circular layer
Internal longitudinal layer
External circular layer
- Superior
- Middle
- Inferior Constrictors
Internal longitudinal layer
- Stylopharyngeus,
- Salpingopharyngeus
- Palatopharyngeus
Advance the food in a coordinated fashion
from the oropharynx into the esophagus.
External circular layer
Elevates the pharynx and shorten the
larynxduring deglutition.
Internal longitudinal layer
LARYNX location
Lies in the adult neck opposite the third through
sixth cervical vertebrae.
Situated at the crossroads between the food and
air passages (or conduits).
LARYNX
LARYNX is made up of
cartilages forming the skeletal
framework, ligaments, membranes and
muscles.
Its primary function is to serve as the “watchdog”
of the respiratory tract,
LARYNX
allowing passage only to
air and preventing secretions, food, and foreign
bodies from entering the trachea.
LARYNX
prevents food from entering the
lower respiratory system.
“Watchdog” larynx
In addition, it functions as the organ of the
phonation (voicebox).
LARYNX
At the puberty, the larynx develops more rapidly
in males than in females, almost
doubling in the anteroposterior diameter.
The female larynx is
smaller and more
cephalad.
The measurement of the length, transverse diameter;
and sagittal diameter of the adult larynx:
44, 36 and 43 mm, respectively in the male
41, 36, and 26 mm, respectively in the
female.
The inlet to the larynx is bounded anteriorly by the
_____, posteriorly by______, and laterally by the _____
upper edge of the epiglottis
a fold of mucous membrane stretched between the two arytenoid cartilages
aryepiglottic folds
suspends and anchors the larynx
during the respiratory and phonatory movement.
The hyoid bone
It is U shaped, and its name is derived from the
Greek word _____, meaning _____
hyoeides
shaped like the letter upsilon.
hyoid bone has a body, which is ______ and
______
2.5 cm wide by 1 cm thick
greater and lesser horns (cornu).
does not articulate with any
other bone.
The hyoid
hyoid is attached to the _____ and to the _____
styloid process of the temporal bones by the stylohyoid ligament
thyroid cartilage by
the thyrohyoid membrane and muscle.
______ originate on
the hyoid, and the _____ are also attached here.
Intrinsic tongue muscles
pharyngeal
constrictors
nine cartilages provide the framework of
the larynx.
These are the unpaired thyroid, cricoid,
and epiglotties and the paired
arytheroids, corniculates and
cuneiforms.
They are connected and
supported by membranes,
synovial joints and ligaments.
CARTILAGES OF THE LARYNX
The ligaments, when covered by
mucous membranes, are called
folds.
_____ consist of hyaline cartilage,
whereas the other cartilages are ___
The thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages
elastic cartilage.
Hyaline cartilage tends to ossify in the
_____ and this occurs earlier in _____
adult,
men
than in women.
The longest laryngeal cartilage
THYROID CARTILAGE
the largest structure in the larynx,
THYROID CARTILAGE
thyroid cartilage acquires its shieldlike shape from the
embryologic midline fusion of the two
distinct quadrilateral laminae.
thyroid cartilage: In females, the sides join at an angle of
approximately _____; in males,
the angle is closer to _______
120 degrees
90 degrees.
This smaller thyroid angle explains the
greater laryngeal prominence (Adam’s
apple), longer vocal cords, and lower-
pitched voice in males.
The thyroid notch lies in the
midline at
the top of the fusion of the two laminae.
Represents the anatomic lower limit
of the larynx and helps support it.
CRICOID CARTILAGE
The name cricoid is derived from the
Greek words________,
meaning ______,
krikos and eidos
shaped like a ring
it is frequently said to have a signet-ring
shape.
CRICOID CARTILAGE
It is thicker and stronger than the
thyroid cartilage.
CRICOID CARTILAGE
Represents the only complete cartilaginous ring in the airway.
CRICOID CARTILAGE
are shaped like three- sided pyramids, pyramids, and
they lie in the posterior aspect of the
larynx.
Two light arytenoid cartilages
The base of the arytenoid is
concave
it is described as a ball and socket
with three movements – rocking or
rotating, gliding and pivoting – that
control adduction and abduction of the
vocal cords.
The base of the arytenoid
Considered to be vestigial by many authorities.
EPIGLOTTIS
epiglottis is Composed primarily of
fibroelastic cartilage,
epiglottis does not ____ and maintains _____
ossify
some flexibility throughout life.
It is shaped like a leaf and is found between the
larynx and the base of the tongue.
EPIGLOTTIS
The anterior surface of the epiglottis is
concave,
The anterior surface of the epiglottis is concave, and
this, in combination with ______, aids in
_______.
laryngeal elevation
airway protection during deglutition
reinforce and support the
aryepiglottic folds and may help the
arytenoids move.
CUNEIFORM AND CORNICULATE
CARTILAGES
The adult trachea begins at the
cricoid cartilage,
opposite the sixth cervical vertebra.
trachea size
It is 10 to 20 cm long and 12 mm in diameter
trachea is _____ and contains ______
flattened posteriorly
16 to 20
horseshoe-shaped cartilaginous rings.
At the sixth ring, the trachea becomes
intrathoracic.
The first and last rings of trachea are
broader than the rest.
The lower borders of the last ring split and curve
interiorly between the two bronchi to form the
carina at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra
(angle of Louis, second intercostal space.)
The posterior part of the trachea, void of cartilage,
consist
of a membrane of smooth muscle and fibroelastic tissue
joining the ends of the cartilages.
In the adult, the right main stem bronchus is _______ than the
left main stem bronchus.
wider and shorter and takes off at a steeper angle
ETTs, suction catheters, and foreign bodies more rapidly enter the
right bronchial
lumen.
The right main stem bronchus Gives rise to
three lobar bronchi,
The left stem bronchus Gives rise to
two lobar bronchi
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT (LRT)
a.k.a. TRACHEOBRACHIAL TREE (23 GENERATIONS)
Conducting Zones
1. Trachea
2. Main bronchi
3. Lobar bronchi
4. Segmental bronchi
5. Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory Zones
6. Respiratory bronchioles
7. Alveolar ducts
8. Alveolar sacs
9. Alveolus
10. Capillaries
2 zones of tracheobronchial tree
conducting
respiratory
conducting zone
- Trachea
- Main bronchi
- Lobar bronchi
- Segmental bronchi
- Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory Zones
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveolar sacs
- Alveolus
- Capillaries
