Anatomy of the Abdomen

Question 1

What are the main hip flexors of the thigh?

Answer 1

Psoas

Illicas

Question 2

From where does the quadratus lumborum extend?

Answer 2

Inferior border of the 12th rib to posterior iliac crests on each side

Question 3

What are the layers of skin of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

Answer 3

Camper’s fascia = fatty supericial layer

Scarper’s fascia = fibrous layer

Question 4

What is superficial and deep to the parietal peritoneum?

Answer 4

Superficial = transversalis fascia 
Deep = visceral peritoneum

Question 5

What is the function of the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

Answer 5

Protect abdominal organs
Move vertebral column
Aid in defecation, urination, vomiting and child birth
Aid in forced expiration

Question 6

Where is the transpyloric plane?

Answer 6

Half way between jugular notch and pubic symphysis

L1, Tip of 9th CC

Question 7

Where is the transtubercular plane?

Answer 7

In line with top of iliac crests

L5

Question 8

What are transverse tendinous intersections?

Answer 8

3 transverse fibrous bands that intersect the rectus abdominus

Question 9

What is the inguinal ligament?

Answer 9

Inferior border of external oblique which runs from the ASIS to pubic tubercle

Question 10

Where does the femoral artery, nerve and vein pass with regards to the inguinal ligament?

Answer 10

Deep

Question 11

Which vessels does the rectus sheath contain?

Answer 11

Epigastric vessels

Question 12

What is a hernia?

Answer 12

A protrusion of organ through the structure that usually contains it, leading to a lump being seen or felt on the surface of the skin

Question 13

What form’s Hesselbach’s triangle?

Answer 13

Rectus abdominus
Inferior epigastric vessels
Inguinal ligament

Question 14

What does the descent of the testes require?

Answer 14

Processus vaginalis

Question 15

What is the peritoneum?

Answer 15

Layer of single continuous squamous epithelium with an underlying layer of connective areolar tissue

Question 16

What are the major peritoneal folds?

Answer 16

Greater omentum 
Lesser omentum 
Mesentery 
Falciform ligament 
Mesocolon

Question 17

What is the greater omentum?

Answer 17

A double sheet of peritoneum that grows out from the dorsal foregut mesentery underneath the spleen

Question 18

What compartments can the greater sac be divided into?

Answer 18

Supra colic = superior to transverse colon

Infracolic = inferior to transverse colon

Question 19

How does the oesophagus contribute to the lower oesophageal sphincter?

Answer 19

Goes through the crus (muscular) part of the diaphragm

Question 20

What are the two opening of the large intestine?

Answer 20

Ileocaecal orifice

Appendix

Question 21

What does the coeliac trunk divide into?

Answer 21

Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery

Question 22

What does the superior mesenteric artery branch into?

Answer 22

Right colic artery 
Middle colic artery 
Ileocolic artery 
Jejunal artery 
Ileal artery

Question 23

What does the inferior mesenterying artery branch into?

Answer 23

Left colic artery
Sigmoid artery
Superior rectal artery

Question 24

What drains blood from the abdominal viscera to the liver?

Answer 24

Hepatic portal veins

Question 25

What supply does lymphatic drainage follow?

Answer 25

Arterial

Question 26

Which nervous system supplies the abdominal viscera?

Answer 26

Autonomic

Question 27

Where does the parasympathetic innervation arise from which regulates gut reflex action?

Answer 27

Vagus nerves | Pelvic splanchnic nerves S2-S4

Question 28

Where does the sympathetic innervation arise from which regulates pain sensation?

Answer 28

Thoracic splanchnic T5-T12 | Lumbar splanchnic L1+L2

Question 29

What are the differences between the bodies of the lumbar, thoracic and cervical vertebra?

Answer 29

Lumbar- large Thoracic- heart shaped Cervical - very small

Question 30

What is the porta hepatitis?

Answer 30

Entry point of portal triad into the liver parenchyma

Question 31

What are the two further lobes of the liver?

Answer 31

Quadrate (anterior) = functionally part of the left love | Caudate (posterior) = functionally independent of the left and right lobe

Question 32

What is the bare area of the liver?

Answer 32

Patch of liver which is uncovered by the peritoneum and is continuous with the diaphragm

Question 33

Where do the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein anastamose?

Answer 33

Behind the neck of the pancreas | L2

Question 34

Where does the inferior mesenteric vein drain into?

Answer 34

Splenic vein

Question 35

Which ligament contains the portal triad?

Answer 35

Hepatoduodenal

Question 36

Which ligament contains the left and right gastric arteries?

Answer 36

Gastrohepatic

Question 37

Which two ligaments make up the lesser omentum?

Answer 37

Hepatoduodenal and gastrohepatic

Question 38

What is pringle's manoevre?

Answer 38

If you want to stop blood flow to the liver, compress the hepatoduodenal ligament

Question 39

What is the collection of nodes draining the GI tract?

Answer 39

Pre-aortic nodes

Question 40

What is the size of the kidneys?

Answer 40

10-12 cm | 3-4 lumbar vertebra

Question 41

What surrounds the kidneys?

Answer 41

Periphrenic fat | Renal fascia

Question 42

Where does the aorta bifurcate?

Answer 42

4th lumbar vertebra

Question 43

What does the aorta divide into?

Answer 43

Right and left common iliac arteries then into external and internal iliac arteries

Question 44

What does the internal iliac artery supply?

Answer 44

Pelvic organs Perineum Buttock Sacral Canal

Question 45

What are the major paired branches?

Answer 45

``` Renal arteries Gonadal arteries Lumbar arteries Adrenal arteries Phrenic arteries ```

Question 46

What separates the inferior vena cava from aorta?

Answer 46

IVC lies to right of aorta | Separated by crus

Question 47

Where does the inferior vena cava form?

Answer 47

L4/5 | Union of common iliac vessels

Question 48

Where does the inferior vena cava receive blood from?

Answer 48

Paired lumbar veins Gonadal veins Renal veins 3 hepatic veins

Question 49

What are the dermatomes of the abdominal wall?

Answer 49

T7/T8 - epigastric T10 - umbilical T12/L1 - inguinal T12/L2 - hypogastric

Question 50

Why does appendicitis present with umbilical regional pain?

Answer 50

The afferent pain fibres of the appendix (and midgut structures) enter the spinal chord at T10 The skin of the umbilicus is also supplied by the spinal nerve originating from T10

Question 51

Where is pain of the hindgut viscera referred to?

Answer 51

Hypogastric region

Question 52

What forms the pelvic floor?

Answer 52

Sheet of levator ani muscle and coccygeous muscle

Question 53

What forms the levator ani?

Answer 53

Iliococcygeous Pubococcygeous Pubo rectalis

Question 54

Why is the anal canal sensitive to injury?

Answer 54

Supplied by the somatic nerves

Question 55

What supplies the pelvic organs, pelvic walls and much of the gluteal region?

Answer 55

Internal iliac artery

Question 56

What opens into the prostatic urethra to form semen?

Answer 56

Ductus deferens Seminal vesicles Prostate

Question 57

What is the arterial supply of the testis?

Answer 57

Gonadal artery (paired branch of the aorta)

Question 58

What do the vesical arteries supply?

Answer 58

Branch of internal iliac artery Superior - bladder and ductus deferens Inferior - prostate, bladder and ductus deferens Prostatic artery is branch of inferior vesical artery

Question 59

What forms the perineum?

Answer 59

Diamond shaped area between pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities and coccyx

Question 60

What is the purpose of the corpus spongiosum?

Answer 60

Surrounds the bulb of the penis in males | In females, divides the vestibule to form clitoris bulbs

Question 61

What is the corpus cavernosae attached to?

Answer 61

Ishcial rami

Question 62

What is the contents of the anal triangle?

Answer 62

Ischioanal fossa | Pelvic diaphragm

Question 63

What muscles are associated with the anal triangle?

Answer 63

``` Sphincter ani externus Levator ani Gluteus maximus Obteratus interna Coccygeus ```

Question 64

Where is spermatozoa produced?

Answer 64

Seminiferous tubule

Question 65

What is the broad ligament?

Answer 65

Uterine/fallopian tubes enveloped by the peritoneum

Question 66

What suspends the ovaries?

Answer 66

Mesovarium

Question 67

What anchors the cervix and prevents prolapse through the vagina

Answer 67

3 sets of fibrous bands Transverse cervical Pubocervical Uretocervical

Question 68

What is the difference in the epithelium of the surfaces of the cervix?

Answer 68

Canal - simple columnar | Lining the vagina- stratified squamous

Question 69

How long is the vagina?

Answer 69

7-9cm

Question 70

What is the arterial supply pelvic viscera of the female?

Answer 70

Superior vesical artery Middle rectal artery Uterine artery All stem from internal iliac artery

Question 71

Which structures of the female deep perineum are not present in the male deep perineum?

Answer 71

Sphincter urethrovaginalis | Compressor urethrae

Question 72

Where do the pelvic organs drain?

Answer 72

Internal iliac nodes

Question 73

Where do the ovaries and testes drain?

Answer 73

Para-aortic nodes

Question 74

Where do the perineum and external genitalia drain?

Answer 74

Superficial inguinal nodes

Question 75

Which ligament contains the tail of the pancreas?

Answer 75

Splenorenal

Question 76

Which ligament contains the left and right gastric arteries?

Answer 76

Gastrohepatic

Question 77

Which ligament contains the portal triad?

Answer 77

Hepatoduodenal