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Year 1: LSS 2 > Anatomy of the Abdomen > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main hip flexors of the thigh?

A

Psoas

Illicas

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2
Q

From where does the quadratus lumborum extend?

A

Inferior border of the 12th rib to posterior iliac crests on each side

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3
Q

What are the layers of skin of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

Camper’s fascia = fatty supericial layer

Scarper’s fascia = fibrous layer

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4
Q

What is superficial and deep to the parietal peritoneum?

A 
Superficial = transversalis fascia 
Deep = visceral peritoneum
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5
Q

What is the function of the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

Protect abdominal organs
Move vertebral column
Aid in defecation, urination, vomiting and child birth
Aid in forced expiration

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6
Q

Where is the transpyloric plane?

A

Half way between jugular notch and pubic symphysis

L1, Tip of 9th CC

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7
Q

Where is the transtubercular plane?

A

In line with top of iliac crests

L5

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8
Q

What are transverse tendinous intersections?

A

3 transverse fibrous bands that intersect the rectus abdominus

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9
Q

What is the inguinal ligament?

A

Inferior border of external oblique which runs from the ASIS to pubic tubercle

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10
Q

Where does the femoral artery, nerve and vein pass with regards to the inguinal ligament?

A

Deep

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11
Q

Which vessels does the rectus sheath contain?

A

Epigastric vessels

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12
Q

What is a hernia?

A

A protrusion of organ through the structure that usually contains it, leading to a lump being seen or felt on the surface of the skin

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13
Q

What form’s Hesselbach’s triangle?

A

Rectus abdominus
Inferior epigastric vessels
Inguinal ligament

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14
Q

What does the descent of the testes require?

A

Processus vaginalis

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15
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Layer of single continuous squamous epithelium with an underlying layer of connective areolar tissue

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16
Q

What are the major peritoneal folds?

A 
Greater omentum 
Lesser omentum 
Mesentery 
Falciform ligament 
Mesocolon
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17
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

A double sheet of peritoneum that grows out from the dorsal foregut mesentery underneath the spleen

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18
Q

What compartments can the greater sac be divided into?

A

Supra colic = superior to transverse colon

Infracolic = inferior to transverse colon

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19
Q

How does the oesophagus contribute to the lower oesophageal sphincter?

A

Goes through the crus (muscular) part of the diaphragm

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20
Q

What are the two opening of the large intestine?

A

Ileocaecal orifice

Appendix

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21
Q

What does the coeliac trunk divide into?

A

Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery

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22
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery branch into?

A 
Right colic artery 
Middle colic artery 
Ileocolic artery 
Jejunal artery 
Ileal artery
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23
Q

What does the inferior mesenterying artery branch into?

A

Left colic artery
Sigmoid artery
Superior rectal artery

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24
Q

What drains blood from the abdominal viscera to the liver?

A

Hepatic portal veins

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25
Q

What supply does lymphatic drainage follow?

A

Arterial

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26
Q

Which nervous system supplies the abdominal viscera?

A

Autonomic

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27
Q

Where does the parasympathetic innervation arise from which regulates gut reflex action?

A

Vagus nerves

Pelvic splanchnic nerves S2-S4

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28
Q

Where does the sympathetic innervation arise from which regulates pain sensation?

A

Thoracic splanchnic T5-T12

Lumbar splanchnic L1+L2

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29
Q

What are the differences between the bodies of the lumbar, thoracic and cervical vertebra?

A

Lumbar- large
Thoracic- heart shaped
Cervical - very small

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30
Q

What is the porta hepatitis?

A

Entry point of portal triad into the liver parenchyma

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31
Q

What are the two further lobes of the liver?

A

Quadrate (anterior) = functionally part of the left love

Caudate (posterior) = functionally independent of the left and right lobe

32
Q

What is the bare area of the liver?

A

Patch of liver which is uncovered by the peritoneum and is continuous with the diaphragm

33
Q

Where do the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein anastamose?

A

Behind the neck of the pancreas

L2

34
Q

Where does the inferior mesenteric vein drain into?

A

Splenic vein

35
Q

Which ligament contains the portal triad?

A

Hepatoduodenal

36
Q

Which ligament contains the left and right gastric arteries?

A

Gastrohepatic

37
Q

Which two ligaments make up the lesser omentum?

A

Hepatoduodenal and gastrohepatic

38
Q

What is pringle’s manoevre?

A

If you want to stop blood flow to the liver, compress the hepatoduodenal ligament

39
Q

What is the collection of nodes draining the GI tract?

A

Pre-aortic nodes

40
Q

What is the size of the kidneys?

A

10-12 cm

3-4 lumbar vertebra

41
Q

What surrounds the kidneys?

A

Periphrenic fat

Renal fascia

42
Q

Where does the aorta bifurcate?

A

4th lumbar vertebra

43
Q

What does the aorta divide into?

A

Right and left common iliac arteries then into external and internal iliac arteries

44
Q

What does the internal iliac artery supply?

A

Pelvic organs
Perineum
Buttock
Sacral Canal

45
Q

What are the major paired branches?

A 
Renal arteries 
Gonadal arteries 
Lumbar arteries 
Adrenal arteries 
Phrenic arteries
46
Q

What separates the inferior vena cava from aorta?

A

IVC lies to right of aorta

Separated by crus

47
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava form?

A

L4/5

Union of common iliac vessels

48
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava receive blood from?

A

Paired lumbar veins
Gonadal veins
Renal veins
3 hepatic veins

49
Q

What are the dermatomes of the abdominal wall?

A

T7/T8 - epigastric
T10 - umbilical
T12/L1 - inguinal
T12/L2 - hypogastric

50
Q

Why does appendicitis present with umbilical regional pain?

A

The afferent pain fibres of the appendix (and midgut structures) enter the spinal chord at T10
The skin of the umbilicus is also supplied by the spinal nerve originating from T10

51
Q

Where is pain of the hindgut viscera referred to?

A

Hypogastric region

52
Q

What forms the pelvic floor?

A

Sheet of levator ani muscle and coccygeous muscle

53
Q

What forms the levator ani?

A

Iliococcygeous
Pubococcygeous
Pubo rectalis

54
Q

Why is the anal canal sensitive to injury?

A

Supplied by the somatic nerves

55
Q

What supplies the pelvic organs, pelvic walls and much of the gluteal region?

A

Internal iliac artery

56
Q

What opens into the prostatic urethra to form semen?

A

Ductus deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate

57
Q

What is the arterial supply of the testis?

A

Gonadal artery (paired branch of the aorta)

58
Q

What do the vesical arteries supply?

A

Branch of internal iliac artery
Superior - bladder and ductus deferens
Inferior - prostate, bladder and ductus deferens
Prostatic artery is branch of inferior vesical artery

59
Q

What forms the perineum?

A

Diamond shaped area between pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities and coccyx

60
Q

What is the purpose of the corpus spongiosum?

A

Surrounds the bulb of the penis in males

In females, divides the vestibule to form clitoris bulbs

61
Q

What is the corpus cavernosae attached to?

A

Ishcial rami

62
Q

What is the contents of the anal triangle?

A

Ischioanal fossa

Pelvic diaphragm

63
Q

What muscles are associated with the anal triangle?

A 
Sphincter ani externus 
Levator ani 
Gluteus maximus 
Obteratus interna 
Coccygeus
64
Q

Where is spermatozoa produced?

A

Seminiferous tubule

65
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

Uterine/fallopian tubes enveloped by the peritoneum

66
Q

What suspends the ovaries?

A

Mesovarium

67
Q

What anchors the cervix and prevents prolapse through the vagina

A

3 sets of fibrous bands
Transverse cervical
Pubocervical
Uretocervical

68
Q

What is the difference in the epithelium of the surfaces of the cervix?

A

Canal - simple columnar

Lining the vagina- stratified squamous

69
Q

How long is the vagina?

A

7-9cm

70
Q

What is the arterial supply pelvic viscera of the female?

A

Superior vesical artery
Middle rectal artery
Uterine artery
All stem from internal iliac artery

71
Q

Which structures of the female deep perineum are not present in the male deep perineum?

A

Sphincter urethrovaginalis

Compressor urethrae

72
Q

Where do the pelvic organs drain?

A

Internal iliac nodes

73
Q

Where do the ovaries and testes drain?

A

Para-aortic nodes

74
Q

Where do the perineum and external genitalia drain?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

75
Q

Which ligament contains the tail of the pancreas?

A

Splenorenal

76
Q

Which ligament contains the left and right gastric arteries?

A

Gastrohepatic

77
Q

Which ligament contains the portal triad?

A

Hepatoduodenal

Year 1: LSS 2 (3 decks)

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