Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Images of Anatomy > Anatomy of the Abdomen 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Abdomen 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Label the surface abdominal landmarks

A

On image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is the pubic symphysis found?

A

Found at the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What level is the umbilicus found and run along?

A

Belly button (umbilicus (L4)) – the umbilicus runs through a structure in the midline of the body called the linea alba (means white line) (we will come to this)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are Tendinous intersections?

A

• Tendinous intersections – these make out the midline of the six pack of the rectus abdominus muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What line is lateral to the linea alba?

A

linea semilunaris (semilunar line)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Label the 4 abdominal quadrants and what are they separated by?

A

On image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Label the 9 abdominal quadrants

A

On image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What level is the transpyloric plane AND Transtubecular plane?

What level is the subcostal plane at?

What lies at these planes?

A

L1 AND L4/5

  • Transpyloric: Midway between jugular notch and pubic symphysis
  • Transtubecular: Through iliac tubercles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe and label the 3 components of the layers of the abdominal wall: superficial fascia, anterolateral muscles and rectus sheath

What are the two layers of the superficial fascia?

What direction does fibres of external oblique muscle run? What ligament is at the inferior border?

What forms the rectus sheath and what does it envelope?

A

On image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What muscles make up the anterolateral muscle?

What direction do these muscles run?

What is the function of the transversus abdominis?

What is the function of the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis?

What forms the deep layers of the abdomen?

A

On images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the fibrous compartment of the rectus sheath house?

A

Aponeuroses of EO, IO and TA

Rectus abdominas, pyramidlais, superior and inferior epigastric arteries, lymphatics, distal portion of thoracolumbar nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the linea alba made of?

Where does it run from?

What is at the midline of the linea alba?

A

On image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the rectus sheath below and above the arcuate line

A

On image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What arteries supply the superior anterolateral wall of the abdomen?

A

Musculophrenic artery

Superior epigastric artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the inferior anterolateral wall supplied by?

A

Superficial Circumflex iliac

Superficial epigastric

Inferior epigastric

Deep circumflex iliac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does direct trauma to the anterior abdominal wall cause?

A

Rupture the inferior epigastric artery causing a rectus sheath haemotoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What nerves supply the abdomen and where do they run?

A

• The abdomen is supplied by the nerves from T7-L1, these are the dermatome nerves the cutaneous sensory supply

On image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What thoracic nerve is supplies the umbilicus?

A

• The umbilicus is at the level of T10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

What does it permit in males and females?

Where are the two openings of the inguinal canal?

A

An oblique passage (tunnel) that extends downwards and medially through the lower anterior abdominal wall

On image

20
Q

Label the inguinal canal

A

On image

21
Q

In the fetus where are the gonads found?

Where do they burrow?

What pulls the gonads downwards?

A
  • In the foetus the gonads develop high up on the posterior wall between the parietal peritoneum and the transversalis fascia.
  • They then burrow their way to lie within the scrotum in the male, or reside within the pelvis of the female
  • The structure that pulls the gonads inferiorly is called the Gubernaculum (a chord like mesenchymal structure that attaches to the tail end of the gonads and drags them down into the pelvis (for ovaries)
  • Once the gonad reaches the anterior abdominal wall, there is an invagination of the parietal peritoneum (the invagination is called the process vaginalis)
  • The Gubernaculum continues to pull the testes along the root of the process vaginalis, so the testes pick up the layers of the anterior abdominal wall
  • Eventually the process vaginalis will start to close over, apart from the bottom part of the testes (called the tunica vaginalis)
  • From out to in we can see: external oblique, internal oblique and transverse abdominus which continue around the testes
22
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

• The fact that the spermatic cord runs through the wall gives rise to a weakness, a part of the gut can slip through the abdomen and come lie outside the abdominal cavity, when this happens it is called the inguinal hernia

23
Q

What is a direct inguinal hernia?

A

• Direct Hernia – this is where part of the gut (omentum) will slip through the layers of the anterior abdominal wall. This occurs medial to the inferior epigastric artery.

24
Q

What is a indirect inguinal hernia?

A

• Indirect Hernia (congenital) – the process vaginalis does not close over, so there is an opening directly from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum. Part of the gut or omenta will slip through the inguinal canal and will lie inside the scrotum. These hernias are located lateral to the inferior epigastric artery.

25
Q

Who are hernias more common in?

A

• Because the spermatic cord is much larger than the round ligament in female these hernias are more common in males than in females.

26
Q

What is the viscera and perineum of the abdominal cavity?

A

Viscera – represents the organs and all of the neurovasculature, these include the organs of the GI tract and accessory organs of digestion including the liver, pancreas, spleen. It also includes the genitourinary system such as the kidneys, ureters ect.

Each of these viscera is wrapped in peritoneum (a serous membrane which lines the organs). When it lines the organs it is called visceral peritoneum and when it lines the body wall is called parietal peritoneum

On image

27
Q

What is the perineal cavity?

What does the perineal cavity contain?

A

On image

28
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the peritoneum and what are they sensitive to?

A

On image

29
Q

What does it mean when an organ is intraperitoneal?

What can a double fold in the visceral peritoneum be called and form, what is the function of this?

A
  • Organs are related to the peritoneum in a few different ways
  • Organs are described as intraperitoneal, this means the organ is completely covered in visceral peritoneum.
  • The visceral peritoneum encloses the whole organ, the layers of visceral peritoneum then reflect off the organ and come together as a double fold. This fold is sometimes called a mesentery, a ligament or Omentum.
  • This fold means that the organ has greater mobility, so it can move.

On image

30
Q

What does it mean when an organ is extraperitoneal?

A
  • Here the organs are partially or entirely devoid of peritoneum. This means the organ lies outside the peritoneal cavity
  • According to the position organs can be retroperitoneal (peritoneum passes over the organ pushing it against the wall body) or sub-peritoneal (peritoneum passes over the organ such as the bladder). These organs are immovable.

On image

31
Q

What are the perineal positions?

A

On image

32
Q

What are the 7 functions of the perineal folds?

A

Peritoneal Folds: Function
• Route of blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves
• May contain embryological remnants
o Falciform ligament of liver: umbilical vein
• Contains varying amounts of fat
o Greater omentum (high volume)
o Lesser omentum (devoid of fat)
• May contain intraperitoneal parts of organs
o Tail of pancreas lies in splenorenal ligament
• Immunity
• Greater omentum: policeman of abdomen
• Prevents effects of gravity

33
Q

What are the 3 reflections of peritoneum?

Label the peritoneal cavity

A

A reflection of peritoneum that connects organs to another organ or to the abdominal wall:
1. omenta
2. mesenteries
3. ligaments
A reflection of peritoneum that is raised from the body wall by underlying blood vessels, ducts and ligaments formed by obliterated foetal vessels.

34
Q

What is the lesser omentum and 2 ligaments of it?

Label these

A

Double fold of peritoneum that connects the inferior surface of the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and first part (superior region) of duodenum

  1. Hepatogastric ligament
  2. Hepatoduodenal ligament
35
Q

What is the greater omentum?

Label these

A

Double fold of peritoneum folded back on its self (four layers), forming an apron like structure that hangs from the greater curvature of stomach:
• Policeman of abdomen
• Varying degrees of fat

36
Q

What is the mesentery?

What does it contain?

Label this

A

Fan-shaped double fold of peritoneum that suspends the jejunum and ileum from the posterior abdominal wall.

Contains: Superior mesenteric artery (1) + vein (2) branching within the mesentery to supply the organ .

It is connected to the posterior abdominal wall by the root of the mesentery (where the two folds of peritoneum are reflected off the back wall to form a moveable double folded peritoneum)

37
Q

Describe the Peritoneal Recesses

Why are they clinically relevant?

A

On image

38
Q

What are the 3 sections of the GI tract and what is there blood supply?

A

The GI tract develops in 3 sections, the foregut, midgut and hindgut.

Each of these 3 sections has a distinct blood supply:

The foregut is supplied by branches of the coeliac trunk, a vessel that arises from the aorta at the level of T12.

The midgut is supplied by branches from the superior mesenteric artery that is a branch from the aorta at the level of L1

The hindgut is supplied by a branch from the inferior mesenteric artery that arises from the aorta at the level of L3.

39
Q

How long is the oesophagus?

What is the function of the oesophagus?

Where does it extend from?

Where does it pierce the diaphragm?

A
  • Muscular tube: 25 cm
  • Functions to transport food from pharynx to stomach via peristaltic waves
  • Extends from pharyngo-oesophageal junction (C6) to cardiac orifice of stomach (T11)
  • Pierces diaphragm at oesophageal hiatus (T10)
40
Q

What are the two anti reflux sphincters of the oesophagus?

What are they composed of?

A

• Two anti-reflux barrier sphincters
o Upper oesophageal sphincter (UES)
• Anatomical sphincter composed off Cricopharyngeus muscle
o Lower oesophageal sphincter (LES)

• Functional sphincter composed off:
 Thickening of circular smooth muscle
 Angle oesophagus enters stomach
 Crus of diaphragm
 Malfunction of sphincter: Gastrooesophageal reflux disorder (GORD) may lead to Barrett’s oesophagus
• Change in cell lining (goes from squamous to columnar)

41
Q

What is GORD?

A

Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GORD) also known as heartburn, is commonly associated with either a hiatus hernia or increased acid production in the stomach and peptic ulceration. Chronic reflex with acid and bile in the lower oesophagus can cause inflammation of the lining of the oesophagus and over many years may cause a change in cellular type leading to a pre-malignant condition known as Barrett’s oesophagus

42
Q

Label the constrictions of the oesophagus

A

On image

43
Q

What are the parts of the stomach?

What are the 4 features of the stomach?

A

On image

44
Q

What are the openings of the stomach?

A

On image

45
Q

What does the rugae of the stomach do?

What does the rugae form?

A

The rugae allow the stomach to distend having eaten a large meal, increase surface area of the stomach

The rugae form a temporary groove along the lesser curvature called the gastric canal to direct the flow of food down into the pylorus

The bottom right image shows a gastric tumour, which can be seen on these barium images

46
Q

What are the arteries of the stomach?

A

On image

Images of Anatomy (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions