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Anatomy of systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the regions of the vertebral column

A

Cervical - C1-C7
Thoracic - T1-T12
Lumbar - L1-L5
Sacral - S1-S5 (fused)

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2
Q

Functions of the vertebral column

A

Axial support
Protection of spinal cord
Flexibility

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3
Q

What are the primary and secondary curves of the spinal cord in development?

A 
Primary = thoracic
Secondary = cervical and lumbar
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4
Q

How does the internal structure of vertebral bodies support load?

A
  • outer shell of cortical bone
  • transverse and longitudinal trabeculae
  • Gaps are filled with blood
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5
Q

What is the laminae of vertebrae?

A

flat sheets of bone which form the vertebral arch

  • protects the contents
  • transmits force to the body
  • withstands bending forces
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6
Q

Features of articular processes of vertebrae?

A

Superior and inferior processes

form joint site with neighbouring vertebrae

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7
Q

Features of pedicles?

A

Thickened bone in vertebral arch

Resist bending in all directions

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8
Q

What are the features of cervical vertebrae?

A

Key features:

  • Small size
  • foramen in transverse process

Other features:

  • large foramen allows enlargement of spinal cord
  • 2 spinous processes
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9
Q

What is the atlas and axis?

A

C1 and C2 vertebrae.

  • allows for movement of head
  • transverse ligament prevents slipping
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10
Q

What are the features of thoracic vertebrae?

A

Articulation sites with ribs

Most spines face downwards

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11
Q

What are the features of lumbar vertebrae?

A

large size
no rib articulations
triangular foramen

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12
Q

What are the features of the sacrum?

A

vertebrae fuse to form single bone

L-shaped facets articulate with pelvic bones

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13
Q

What are the features of the coccyx?

A

small triangular bone
no vertebral canal
articulates with sacrum

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14
Q

What are the 3 components of the vertebral discs

A
  1. Nucleus Pulposus
    • fluid, allows deformation
  2. Annulus fibrosis
    • lattice of collagen for strength and
      deformation resistance
  3. Vertebral end plate
    • hyaline cartilage for permeable
      barrier and prevents nucleus bulging
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15
Q

What kind of joint is the intervertabral discs?

A

Secondary cartilaginous

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16
Q

How do the intervertebral discs degenerate with age?

A
  • fibrous
  • pigmented
  • reduced height
  • end plate damage
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17
Q

What are the ligaments of the vertebral column?

A
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament
  • posterior longitudinal ligament (inside canal)
  • ligamentum flavum (connects adjacent lamina)
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18
Q

What are the ligament movements in spine flexion?

A

joints move apart
anterior ligament is slack
posterior ligament is stretched

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19
Q

What are the ligament movements in spine extension?

A

Joints are more packed
anterior ligament is stretched
posterior ligament is slack

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20
Q

Is the spine more stable in flexion or extension?

A

extension

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21
Q

What posterior muscles attach to the vertebral column?

A

Superficial layer = lats, trapezius, rhomboid minor and major

Intermediate layer = serratus posterior muscles

Deep layer =
superficial - spinotransversales
intermediate - errector spinae
deep - transversopinales

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22
Q

What are the parts of the sternum?

A

manubrium sterni
body
xiphoid process

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23
Q

What is the angle of Louis?

A

the sternal angle
site of the maubrium-body joint
at the 2nd costal cartilage

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24
Q

What are the different types of ribs?

A

true ribs = 1-7
false ribs = 8-10
floating ribs = 11-12

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25
What type of joints are at the ribs?
1st sternocostal joint is primary cartilaginous (static) | Rest of the sternocostal joints are synovial
26
What muscles attach to the chest wall?
Sternocleiodomastoid and the scalene muscles
27
What are the features of a typical rib?
Head with 2 articular facets Neck Tubercle for attachment of transverse process Angle of rib for back muscle attachment Subcostal groove is site of neurovascular bundle
28
Which ribs are atypical?
1st, 2nd, 10th (sometimes), 11th and 12th
29
What are the features of the 1st rib?
short, flat, very curved tubercle for scalenus anterior single facet on head groove for subclavian vessel
30
What are the features of the 2nd rib?
tubercles for scalenus posterior and anterior
31
What are the features of the 11th and 12th ribs?
no tubercles | don't attach to sternum
32
What are the movements of the ribs?
True ribs lift the sternum (pump handle) | False ribs move outwards (bucket handle)
33
What is the difference between the rib cage in babies and adults?
Ribs are angled down in adults | They are horizontal in babies
34
What is the arterial supply to the diaphragm?
Musculophrenic artery
35
What are the boarders of the heart (surface anatomy)?
3rd costal cartilage 2nd intercostal space 6th costal cartilage 5th intercostal space (at mid-clavicular line)
36
What are the layers of the heart?
``` fibrous pericardium parietal pericardium visceral pericardium epicardium myocardium endocardium ```
37
What is the transverse pericardial sinus
Passage through the pericardial cavity that separates the arterial and venous flow
38
What are the different valves of the heart?
Right AV = tricuspid valve Left AV = mitral/bicuspid valve Aortic/pulmonary = semi-lunar valve
39
What is cardiac tamponade
accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity
40
What are the layers of vasculature?
``` endothelium tunica intima tunica media (smooth muscle) tunica adventita ```
41
What are the features of the right atrium?
``` crescent shaped comb-like muscle - musculi pectinati crista terminalis - embryological remnant, ridge down vena cava sinus venarum - smooth wall at back drains into coronary sinus ```
42
What are the features of the right ventricle?
``` circular thick and roughened walls high pressure in foetus infundibulum - smooth funnel-shaped region chordae tendinae ```
43
What are the features of the left atrium and ventricle?
smooth walls | less pronounced fossa and infundibulum
44
What are the features of foetal circulation?
Blood is shunted to left heart via foramen ovale | 20% of blood is ejected to the ducturs arterious (bypasses aorta)
45
Is atrial or ventricular fibrillation more serious?
ventricular
46
What is the path of the right coronary artery?
Goes anteriorly gives rise to SAN branch, right marginal artery and AVN branch Then heads to the posterior interventricular artery
47
What is the path of the left coronary artery?
Goes posteriorly passes behind the pulmonary trunk gives rise to circumflex and left marginal arteries
48
What is a left dominant heart
When the major arterial supply to the heart comes from the LCA instead of the RCA
49
What are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity?
Superior - thoracic inlet | Posterior - thoracic outlet
50
What is the phrenic angle?
Sharp, narrow angle at lateral sides of diaphragm Good site for biopsy of intrapleural fluid
51
What is the blood supply to the diaphragm?
superior and inferior phrenic arteries
52
What are the intrinsic muscles of respiration?
External intercostal muscles - fibres run down Internal intercostal muscles - fibres run up subcostal muscles transversus thoracis - fibres run horizontally serratus posterior
53
What muscles attach to the thoracic inlet?
sternocleidomastoid - moves head and inspiratory muscle (innervation from cranial nerve XI) Scalene muscles - anterior, medius and posterior. flex neck and inspiratory muscle (innervation from cervical plexus)
54
What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?
Pectoralis major and minor Serratus anterior Abdominal muscles
55
What is flail chest?
When a segment of the rib cage becomes detached the lung will be pulled in during inspiration
56
What are the components of the respiratory tract?
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
57
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Extensions of the nasal cavity in the head. 4 sets: maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal
58
What are the sections of the larynx?
supraglottis, glottis, epiglottis
59
What is the neurovasculature of the larynx?
Superior and inferior laryngeal arteries/veins 2 branches of the vagus nerve: superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves
60
What are the cartilages of the larynx?
Unpaired: thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis Paired: arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
61
Where does the trachea start and end?
Starts inferior to cricoid cartilage (C6) | Ends when it bifurcates at the sternal angle (T4/5)
62
What is the carnia?
a ridge of cartilage at the first point of bifurcation of the trachea. Triggers the cough reflex
63
What muscle supports the cartilage in the trachea?
trachealis muscle
64
Which bronchi is more prone to inhalation of foreign bodies?
Right, as it is more vertical, wider and shorter
65
What are the lobes and fissures of the lung?
Right: superior, middle, inferior lobes. Oblique and transverse fissures Left: superior and inferior lobes. Oblique fissure
66
What are the contents of the lung root?
``` Bronchus Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins nerve plexus lymphatics ```
67
Where does the lymphatic drainage of the lungs go?
intrapulmonary lymph nodes -> hilum -> trachea -> bronchiomediastinal lymph trunks -> great veins in root of neck
68
What is the blood supply of the lungs?
Pulmonary and bronchial arteries & veins Right bronchial vein -> azygous vein Left bronchial vein -> accessory hemizygous vein
69
What is the innervation of the lungs?
Pulmonary plexus: Parasympathetic = branches of vagus nerve. controls vasodilation, SM contraction and secretion Sympathetic = T1-T4. controls vasoconstriction and SM relaxation
70
What are the boarders of the superior mediastinum?
Superior - thoracic inlet anterior - sternum manubrium posterior - vertebral bodies inferior - level of sternal angle
71
What are the contents of the superior mediastinum?
Aortic branches - brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian arteries Veins - brachiocephalic, left intercostal and azygous veins Nerves - vagus, phrenic Thymus Trachea Oesophagus Thoracic duct
72
What are the divisions and contents of the inferior mediastinum?
Anterior - only thymus gland in children Middle - Heart, ascending aorta, SVC Posterior - oesophagus, descending aorta (no trachea)
73
Where are the points the oesophagus may be constricted
``` Cricoid cartilage (C6) Aortic arch (T4) Left bronchus (T5) Left atrium (T6-10) Opening in diaphragm (T10) ```

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