Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FBS2 > Anatomy of systems > Flashcards

Anatomy of systems Flashcards

1
Q

Name the regions of the vertebral column

A

Cervical - C1-C7
Thoracic - T1-T12
Lumbar - L1-L5
Sacral - S1-S5 (fused)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of the vertebral column

A

Axial support
Protection of spinal cord
Flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the primary and secondary curves of the spinal cord in development?

A 
Primary = thoracic
Secondary = cervical and lumbar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does the internal structure of vertebral bodies support load?

A
  • outer shell of cortical bone
  • transverse and longitudinal trabeculae
  • Gaps are filled with blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the laminae of vertebrae?

A

flat sheets of bone which form the vertebral arch

  • protects the contents
  • transmits force to the body
  • withstands bending forces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Features of articular processes of vertebrae?

A

Superior and inferior processes

form joint site with neighbouring vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Features of pedicles?

A

Thickened bone in vertebral arch

Resist bending in all directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the features of cervical vertebrae?

A

Key features:

  • Small size
  • foramen in transverse process

Other features:

  • large foramen allows enlargement of spinal cord
  • 2 spinous processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the atlas and axis?

A

C1 and C2 vertebrae.

  • allows for movement of head
  • transverse ligament prevents slipping
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the features of thoracic vertebrae?

A

Articulation sites with ribs

Most spines face downwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the features of lumbar vertebrae?

A

large size
no rib articulations
triangular foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the features of the sacrum?

A

vertebrae fuse to form single bone

L-shaped facets articulate with pelvic bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the features of the coccyx?

A

small triangular bone
no vertebral canal
articulates with sacrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 components of the vertebral discs

A
  1. Nucleus Pulposus
    • fluid, allows deformation
  2. Annulus fibrosis
    • lattice of collagen for strength and
      deformation resistance
  3. Vertebral end plate
    • hyaline cartilage for permeable
      barrier and prevents nucleus bulging
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What kind of joint is the intervertabral discs?

A

Secondary cartilaginous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do the intervertebral discs degenerate with age?

A
  • fibrous
  • pigmented
  • reduced height
  • end plate damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the ligaments of the vertebral column?

A
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament
  • posterior longitudinal ligament (inside canal)
  • ligamentum flavum (connects adjacent lamina)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the ligament movements in spine flexion?

A

joints move apart
anterior ligament is slack
posterior ligament is stretched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the ligament movements in spine extension?

A

Joints are more packed
anterior ligament is stretched
posterior ligament is slack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Is the spine more stable in flexion or extension?

A

extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What posterior muscles attach to the vertebral column?

A

Superficial layer = lats, trapezius, rhomboid minor and major

Intermediate layer = serratus posterior muscles

Deep layer =
superficial - spinotransversales
intermediate - errector spinae
deep - transversopinales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the parts of the sternum?

A

manubrium sterni
body
xiphoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the angle of Louis?

A

the sternal angle
site of the maubrium-body joint
at the 2nd costal cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the different types of ribs?

A

true ribs = 1-7
false ribs = 8-10
floating ribs = 11-12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of joints are at the ribs?

A

1st sternocostal joint is primary cartilaginous (static)

Rest of the sternocostal joints are synovial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What muscles attach to the chest wall?

A

Sternocleiodomastoid and the scalene muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the features of a typical rib?

A

Head with 2 articular facets
Neck
Tubercle for attachment of transverse process
Angle of rib for back muscle attachment
Subcostal groove is site of neurovascular bundle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which ribs are atypical?

A

1st, 2nd, 10th (sometimes), 11th and 12th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the features of the 1st rib?

A

short, flat, very curved
tubercle for scalenus anterior
single facet on head
groove for subclavian vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the features of the 2nd rib?

A

tubercles for scalenus posterior and anterior

31
Q

What are the features of the 11th and 12th ribs?

A

no tubercles

don’t attach to sternum

32
Q

What are the movements of the ribs?

A

True ribs lift the sternum (pump handle)

False ribs move outwards (bucket handle)

33
Q

What is the difference between the rib cage in babies and adults?

A

Ribs are angled down in adults

They are horizontal in babies

34
Q

What is the arterial supply to the diaphragm?

A

Musculophrenic artery

35
Q

What are the boarders of the heart (surface anatomy)?

A

3rd costal cartilage
2nd intercostal space
6th costal cartilage
5th intercostal space (at mid-clavicular line)

36
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A 
fibrous pericardium
parietal pericardium
visceral pericardium
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
37
Q

What is the transverse pericardial sinus

A

Passage through the pericardial cavity that separates the arterial and venous flow

38
Q

What are the different valves of the heart?

A

Right AV = tricuspid valve
Left AV = mitral/bicuspid valve
Aortic/pulmonary = semi-lunar valve

39
Q

What is cardiac tamponade

A

accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity

40
Q

What are the layers of vasculature?

A 
endothelium
tunica intima
tunica media (smooth muscle)
tunica adventita
41
Q

What are the features of the right atrium?

A 
crescent shaped 
comb-like muscle - musculi pectinati
crista terminalis - embryological remnant, ridge down vena cava 
sinus venarum - smooth wall at back
drains into coronary sinus
42
Q

What are the features of the right ventricle?

A 
circular
thick and roughened walls
high pressure in foetus
infundibulum - smooth funnel-shaped region
chordae tendinae
43
Q

What are the features of the left atrium and ventricle?

A

smooth walls

less pronounced fossa and infundibulum

44
Q

What are the features of foetal circulation?

A

Blood is shunted to left heart via foramen ovale

20% of blood is ejected to the ducturs arterious (bypasses aorta)

45
Q

Is atrial or ventricular fibrillation more serious?

A

ventricular

46
Q

What is the path of the right coronary artery?

A

Goes anteriorly
gives rise to SAN branch, right marginal artery and AVN branch
Then heads to the posterior interventricular artery

47
Q

What is the path of the left coronary artery?

A

Goes posteriorly
passes behind the pulmonary trunk
gives rise to circumflex and left marginal arteries

48
Q

What is a left dominant heart

A

When the major arterial supply to the heart comes from the LCA instead of the RCA

49
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity?

A

Superior - thoracic inlet

Posterior - thoracic outlet

50
Q

What is the phrenic angle?

A

Sharp, narrow angle at lateral sides of diaphragm

Good site for biopsy of intrapleural fluid

51
Q

What is the blood supply to the diaphragm?

A

superior and inferior phrenic arteries

52
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of respiration?

A

External intercostal muscles - fibres run down
Internal intercostal muscles - fibres run up
subcostal muscles
transversus thoracis - fibres run horizontally
serratus posterior

53
Q

What muscles attach to the thoracic inlet?

A

sternocleidomastoid - moves head and inspiratory muscle (innervation from cranial nerve XI)

Scalene muscles - anterior, medius and posterior. flex neck and inspiratory muscle (innervation from cervical plexus)

54
Q

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

A

Pectoralis major and minor
Serratus anterior
Abdominal muscles

55
Q

What is flail chest?

A

When a segment of the rib cage becomes detached

the lung will be pulled in during inspiration

56
Q

What are the components of the respiratory tract?

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

57
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Extensions of the nasal cavity in the head.
4 sets:
maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal

58
Q

What are the sections of the larynx?

A

supraglottis, glottis, epiglottis

59
Q

What is the neurovasculature of the larynx?

A

Superior and inferior laryngeal arteries/veins
2 branches of the vagus nerve:
superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves

60
Q

What are the cartilages of the larynx?

A

Unpaired: thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis
Paired: arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

61
Q

Where does the trachea start and end?

A

Starts inferior to cricoid cartilage (C6)

Ends when it bifurcates at the sternal angle (T4/5)

62
Q

What is the carnia?

A

a ridge of cartilage at the first point of bifurcation of the trachea. Triggers the cough reflex

63
Q

What muscle supports the cartilage in the trachea?

A

trachealis muscle

64
Q

Which bronchi is more prone to inhalation of foreign bodies?

A

Right, as it is more vertical, wider and shorter

65
Q

What are the lobes and fissures of the lung?

A

Right: superior, middle, inferior lobes. Oblique and transverse fissures

Left: superior and inferior lobes. Oblique fissure

66
Q

What are the contents of the lung root?

A 
Bronchus
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
nerve plexus
lymphatics
67
Q

Where does the lymphatic drainage of the lungs go?

A

intrapulmonary lymph nodes -> hilum -> trachea -> bronchiomediastinal lymph trunks -> great veins in root of neck

68
Q

What is the blood supply of the lungs?

A

Pulmonary and bronchial arteries & veins

Right bronchial vein -> azygous vein
Left bronchial vein -> accessory hemizygous vein

69
Q

What is the innervation of the lungs?

A

Pulmonary plexus:
Parasympathetic = branches of vagus nerve. controls vasodilation, SM contraction and secretion

Sympathetic = T1-T4. controls vasoconstriction and SM relaxation

70
Q

What are the boarders of the superior mediastinum?

A

Superior - thoracic inlet
anterior - sternum manubrium
posterior - vertebral bodies
inferior - level of sternal angle

71
Q

What are the contents of the superior mediastinum?

A

Aortic branches - brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian arteries
Veins - brachiocephalic, left intercostal and azygous veins
Nerves - vagus, phrenic
Thymus
Trachea
Oesophagus
Thoracic duct

72
Q

What are the divisions and contents of the inferior mediastinum?

A

Anterior - only thymus gland in children
Middle - Heart, ascending aorta, SVC
Posterior - oesophagus, descending aorta

(no trachea)

73
Q

Where are the points the oesophagus may be constricted

A 
Cricoid cartilage (C6)
Aortic arch (T4)
Left bronchus (T5)
Left atrium (T6-10)
Opening in diaphragm (T10)

FBS2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions