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Year 2: Gastrointestional System > Anatomy of Swallowing > Flashcards

Anatomy of Swallowing Flashcards

1
Q

Give 4 functions of saliva.

A
  1. Lubrication (and formation of a bolus)
  2. Antibacterial properties
  3. Beginning of digestion
  4. Protects teeth
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2
Q

Give 2 antimicrobial agents found within saliva.

A
  • Lactoferrin
  • Lysozyme
  • IgA
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3
Q

Name 2 digestive enzyme present in saliva.

A
  • Amylase

- Lingual lipase

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4
Q

Name the 3 salivary glands and their innervations.

A
  • Parotid (Glossopharyngeal Nerve Cn. IX)
  • Sublingual (Facial nerve Cn. XII)
  • Submandibular (Facial nerve Cn. XII)
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5
Q

What number cranial nerve is the vagus nerve also known as?

A

Cn. X

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6
Q

Saliva is rich in which electrolights?

A
  • K+

- HCO3- (carbonate)

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7
Q

Name a cause of parotitis.

A
  • HIV
  • Mumps
  • Staph aureus infection
  • Complication of extra pulmonary TB
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8
Q

Xerostomia is the medical term for what condition?

A

Dry mouth

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9
Q

Name 2 causes of xerostomia.

A
  • Hang over (dehydration)
  • Anti-muscarinic drugs
  • Anti-depressants
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10
Q

Give a complication of xerostomia.

A
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Infections
  • Dental problems
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11
Q

Name and briefly describe the 3 phases of swallowing.

A
  1. Oral: The food is mechanically and enzymatically digested and compacted together to form a bolus. It is then moved to the back of the mouth by the tongue where it is forced into the pharynx as the nasopharynx is blocked by the soft pallet.
  2. Pharynx: The larynx is blocked by the epiglottis and the adduction of the vocal chords so the bolus is forced down the pharynx.
  3. Esophagus: The upper esophageal sphincter is opened allowing the bolus to automatically move through.
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12
Q

Breathing and swallowing isn’t simultaneously possible. There is one species that are an exception to this, name it and explain why it is possible.

A

Babies can do both simultaneously. This is because their epiglottis doesn’t fully seal off the larynx, rather it lies more horizontally, therefore babies can still breath whilst feeding.

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13
Q

Describe the neural control of swallowing (both afferent and efferent).

A

Mechanoreceptors at the back of the throat are stimulated by a bolus. This is detected by the glossopharyngeal nerve which relays this sensory innervation to the medulla thus forming the afferent response.

The efferent response is provided by the medulla via Cn. X which provides the motor function via the pharyngeal constrictors.

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14
Q

The esophagus is connected to 2 different structures. Give there names.

A
  • Laringopharynx

- Stomach

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15
Q

Which of the 2 esophageal sphincters is muscular?

A

Upper

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16
Q

The constriction of the lower esophageal sphincter is formed by 2 factors. Name these.

A
  1. The acute angle at which it enters the stomach

2. The diaphram

17
Q

The esophagus passes the diaphragm at which thoracic vertebral level?

A

T10

18
Q

The lower esophageal sphincter is notoriously poor. Explain why this is of medical consideration.

A

Concerns around acid reflux as this over time causes a change in epithelium from stratified squamous to simple columnar. This displastic change causes an increase chance for mutations and therefore eventually esophageal cancers.

19
Q

What is Barret’s esophagus.

A

Barrett’s esophagus is a serious complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease. In Barrett’s esophagus, normal tissue lining the esophagus – the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach – changes to tissue that resembles the lining of the intestine.

20
Q

What is acid reflux also commonly referred to as?

A

Heart burn

21
Q

Give 2 differential diagnosis for upper abdominal pain.

A
  • MI
  • Acid reflux
  • Angina
  • Pneumothorax
  • Costolitis
  • Cardiac tamponade
22
Q

How could a brain injury lead to difficulty in swallowing?

A

Anything affecting Cn.IX or Cn.X will affect the sensory and motor respectively of the oropharynx hence affecting the ability to swallow.

23
Q

Give a respiratory complication of difficulty swallowing.

A

Aspiration pneumonia

Year 2: Gastrointestional System (4 decks)

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