Anatomy Of Periodontium Flashcards
What are the tissues of the periodontium?
- gingiva
- cementum
- PDL
- alveolar bone
What is the color of normal healthy gingiva?
- coral/salmon pink color
- variation in melanin pigmentation
- produced by vascular supply, thickness and degree of keratinization
What is the surface texture of healthy gingiva?
- matte
- stipples (orange peel surface texture)
- stippling caused by connective tissue that projects into elevations and depressions of stratified squamous epithelium
What is the contour of healthy gingiva?
- scalloped outline of marginal gingiva
- sharp papillae
- knifes edge margin
- depends on shape of teeth and alignment
Consistency of healthy gingiva?
- firm and resilient
- tightly adherent to underlying bone
- gingival fibers and CT contribute to firmness
What is the shape of healthy gingiva?
- papilla depends on contact point presence or absence
- distance b/t contact point and bone crest
- pyramidal anteriorly and flattened posteriorly
- marginal gingiva = knifes edge
What makes up the gingiva?
- Gingival epithelium
2. Gingival connective tissue
What does gingival epithelium consist of?
- oral epithelium
- oral sulcular epithelium
- junctional epithelium
What does the gingival connective tissue consist of ?
- ground substance
- fibroblasts
- gingival fibres
- neural tissue
- blood and lymph vessels
What is the free gingiva?
- surrounds necks of teeth in collar or cuff like way
- from gingival margin > free gingival groove
- forms soft tissue of sulcus
- unattached
What is the interdental gingiva?
The portion of the gingiva that fills the embrasure spaces
What is the attached gingiva?
- extends apically from free gingival groove > mucogingival junction
- tightly attached to underlying bone
What are the functions of the gingiva?
- dissipates functional and masticatory forces
- provides resistant barrier to plaque induced inflammation
- decrease risk of recession
- provides deeper vestibule for tooth brushing access
What is the junctional epithelium?
- firmly attached to tooth via hemidesmasome
- forms epithelial barrier against plaque bacteria
- allow access of GCF, inflammatory cells and host defense components into gingival margin
- rapid turnover = host parasite equilibrium + rapid repair
What is the gingival sulcus?
- V shaped space between tooth and gingiva
- 0-3mm clinical depth usually
- depth NB parameter
What are the characteristics of gingival crevicular fluid?
- cleanses material from sulcus
- has plasma proteins > improve adhesion of epithelium to tooth
- antimicrobial properties
- antibody action to defend gingiva
What are the functions of PDL?
PHYSICAL:
- soft tissue protective casing for nerves and vessels
- transmit occlusal force to bone
- attachment of teeth to bone
- shock absorber
- maintain tooth to gingiva position
NUTRITIONAL/SENSORY
- nutrients and lymph drainage (cementum,bone, gingiva)
- proprioception
- sensory nerve fibres transmit tactile, pain, pressure via trigeminal pathways
REMODELING:
-formation, regeneration, remodeling of bone and cementum
What are the functions of gingival fibres?
- brace marginal gingiva firmly against tooth
- provides rigidity to withstand forces of mastication
- attach free marginal gingiva with cementum of root and adjacent attached gingiva
What is root cementum ?
The calcified tissue that forms the outer covering of the anatomic root
- acellular = primary
- cellular = secondary
CEJ= relation between enamel and cementum edge at cervix of tooth
What is the alveolar bone and what does it consist of?
- alveolar process is part of maxilla and mandible that forms and supports tooth sockets
- consist of COMPACT bone (cortical + alveolar bone proper) and CANCELLOUS bone (trabeculae)
What is the blood supply of the periodontium?
- Periodontal pathway
- Alveolar pathway
- Supraperiosteal
= gingival plexus
Additionally, post-capillary venous plexus and sub-epithelium capillary loops
What is the lymph drainage of the periodontium?
- Sub mental = labial and lingual gingiva of mandibular incisors
- Deep cervical = palatial gingiva of maxilla
- Jugulodigastric = third molars
- Submandibular = all other teeth with adjacent periodontal tissues
