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Reproduction Anatomy > Anatomy of Pelvis and Perineum > Flashcards

Anatomy of Pelvis and Perineum Flashcards

1
Q

on bony pelvis be able to locate

A 
sarcal promontory 
accurate line of ilium
pecten pubis
pubic tubercle
pubic crest
pubic symphysis
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2
Q

what are the boundaries of the pelvic inlet-looking down

A

ant- pubic symphysis
post- promontory of sacrum
lat- ileopectineal bones

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3
Q

what are the boundaries of the pelvic outlet-looking up

A

ant-pubic symphysis

post-coccyx

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4
Q

what part of the pelvis is true pelvis

A

inferiorly -lesser

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5
Q

what part of the pelvic is the false pelvis

A

superiorly-greater

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6
Q

what is the difference between Male and female pelvis

A

female- shallow, oval inlet, small outlet, larger subpubic angle, round obturator foramen
male- deep, heart shaped inlet, large outlet, subpubic angle smaller

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7
Q

what type of joint is the sacroiliac joint

A

synovial plane

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8
Q

what type of joint is the pubic symphysis

A

secondary cartiliginous

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9
Q

what muscles are on the lateral walls of the pelvis

A

obturator internus

piriformis

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10
Q

what does the pelvic floor do

A

divide the pelvic floor from the perineum

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11
Q

what are the 3 components of the pelvic floor

A

coccxygeus muscle
levator ani muscles-support pelvic viscera(oliococcyxgeus, pubococcygeus)
coverings of muscle

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12
Q

what are the perineal bodies

A

fibrous ligament on the floor of the pelvis which extends between the coccyx and margin of anus
merging of bulbospongiosus and external anal spchinter

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13
Q

what are 2 functions of the pelvic floor

A

passing of urine and faeces

sexual function

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14
Q

what is the innervation of the pelvic floor

A

pudendal nerve

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15
Q

what is a cystocele

A

prolapsed bladder which bulges into the vagina

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16
Q

what is a rectocele

A

rectum bulges against vagina

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17
Q

what is a episiotomy

A

mediolateral, less scarring and not cutting through the ligament
avoid excessive tearing of the perineum and perineal muscles, prevent extension of perineal tear into the anal sphcinter

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18
Q

what parts of the urinary system are in the pelvis

A

bladder

urethra

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19
Q

what part of reproductive system is in the pelvis

A

testes, prostate
fallopian tubes
vagina

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20
Q

what provides blood to the pelvis

A

right and left internal iliac artery, mostly internal pudendal

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21
Q

what artery supplies the testes and ovary

A

gonadal which comes from AA

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22
Q

what does the obturator artery supply

A

pelvic muscles

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23
Q

what are the 5 different veins of pelvic drainage

A 
internal iliac veins
superior rectal veins
medican sartal veins
gonadal veins 
internal vertebral venous plexus
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24
Q

what parts of the rectum goes into the portal circualtion

A

superior inferior

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25
Q

what part of the rectum goes into the systemic circulation

A

middle inferior

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26
Q

why might haemorrhoids be associated with cirrhosis of the liver

A

portal hypertension

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27
Q

what is the somatic component of the reproductive organs

A

ilioinguinal nerve enters the inguinal canal thought the superficial ring supplies skin at root of penicillin and labia in females
genitofemoral nerve enters through the deep inguinal ring

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28
Q

what structures are supplied by genitofemoral nerve

A

cremaster muscle and anterior scrotal skin

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29
Q

what are the nerve roots of pudendal nerev

A

s2-4

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30
Q

what bony lanmarks do you use for nerve block during childbirth

A

ischial spine

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31
Q

what is the autonomic supply

A

symapathic and parasympathetic fibres

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32
Q

what does the hypogastric plexus supply sympathetic

A

vas deferens
seminal vesciles
prostate
epididymis

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33
Q

what does the ovarian plexus supplu

A

female genital tract

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34
Q

what does hypogastric plexus parasympathetic supply

A

erectile tissues

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35
Q

what do the external iliac lymph nodes drain

A

inguinal lymph nodes

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36
Q

what do the internal iliac lymph nodes drain

A

gluteal region

deep perinum

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37
Q

what do the sacral lymph nodes drain

A

posterior inferior pelvic visera

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38
Q

what do the common iliac lymph nodes drain

A

external
internal
sacral lymph nodes

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39
Q

what groups can the reproductive organs be split into

A

external geenitilia
gonads-where sex cells are produced
the tube system for sperm and ovum
the accessory glands which support gametes

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40
Q

be able to name the male reproductive system

A 
testi
vas deferens
seminal glands
prostate 
epididymis 
bulbourethral glands
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41
Q

why are the testis outside the body

A

function best at a lower temperature than core body temperature

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42
Q

what structure is created by the testies moving outside the body during development

A

inguinal canal

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43
Q

what are the contents of the inguinal canal

A

vas deferens
testicular artery
artery of vas deferens

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44
Q

what is the outer fibrous layer of the testes

A

tinuca albuginea

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45
Q

what are the two layers of tunica vaginalis

A

parietal and visceral

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46
Q

what material is between the two layers

A

viscous fluid

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47
Q

what is a hydrocele

A

fluid in the sheath around the testicle

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48
Q

what is a haematocele

A

blood in the sheath around the testicle

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49
Q

what is the blood supply of the testicles

A

testicualr arteries which come from AA at l2

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50
Q

what is the pampiniform

A

small veins around the male spermatic chord

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51
Q

what is the function of pampiniform plexus

A

thermoregulation of testes

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52
Q

where does the right testicular vein drain to

A

IVC

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53
Q

where does the left testicualr vein drain to

A

left renal vein

54
Q

what is a varicocele

A

enlargement of veins

55
Q

what two lymph groups receive lymph from the testies

A

lumbar

paraaarotic

56
Q

what is the vas deferens

A

a muscular tube which arises from the tail of the epididymis , enters the pelvis by crossing over the external iliac vessels.carries sperm testes to prostatic urethra

57
Q

what are the seminal vesicles

A

located on either side of the posterior bladder

58
Q

what do the seminal vesicles produce

A

alkaline fluid
fructose
prostaglandin
clotting factors

59
Q

where is the prostate in relation to the rectum

A

lies in front of the rectum-ampulla of rectum lies behind it

60
Q

what does the prostate secrete

A

protelyic enzymes which break down clotting factors allowing semen to remain fluid

61
Q

what are bulbourethral glands

A

small structures that empty into the penile/spongey urethras

62
Q

what secretions are produced by the bulbourethral glands

A

pre-ejaculation- neutralises acidity of urethra preparing for the passing of sperm, mucus like secretion

63
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the prostate

A

internal iliac and sacral nodes

64
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the seminal vesicles

A

external and internal iliac nodes

65
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum

A

lumbar lymph nodes

66
Q

what are the testes like histologically

A

convoluted tubules, leydig cells in the interstitial spaces between the tubules which produce testosterone

67
Q

what is the prostate like histologically

A

serous alveoli with infolding epithelium

amorphous eosinophilc masses in older men

68
Q

what are the seminal vesicles like histologically

A

honey comb appearances, well developed muscular externa

69
Q

what is the ductus deferens like histologically

A

lumen, thick muscular tube, epithelial lining supportingg lamina propria

70
Q

what is the ligament that splits the greater and less sciatic foramen

A

sacrospinous ligament

71
Q

what goes through the greater sciatic formen

A

sciatic nerve, piriformi muscle

72
Q

what goes through the lesser sciatic foramen

A

pudendal nerve and vessels

73
Q

what is the thinner part of the male urethra

A

membranous is shortest and thinnest

74
Q

what 3 things constitute to the birth canal

A

uterus
vagina
cervix

75
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterus

A

endometrium
myometrium-thick
perimetrium

76
Q

what is the normal position of the uterus

A

ante flexed

77
Q

before surgery why is it important to know the position of the uterus

A

to avoid perforation of the uterus with instrument

78
Q

what are the fornices of the vagina

A

arches on the side before the cervix

79
Q

through which fornix can you access the rectouterine pouch

A

posterior forrnix

80
Q

what are the two spaces

A

uterovesical spa

rector uterine space

81
Q

what are the 4 ligaments of the uterus and cervix

A

ligament of the ovary
suspensory ligament of ovary
round ligament of uterus
broad ligament

82
Q

what is the broad ligament

A

associated with the uterus, Fallopian tubes and ovaries covering them anteriorly and posteriorly

83
Q

what is the ovarian ligament

A

attaches to the ovary inferiorly to the uterus

84
Q

what is the suspensory ovarian ligament

A

attaches the ovary to the lateral abdominal wall

85
Q

what is the round ligament

A

remanent of embryonic, from uterine horns to the lava majora

86
Q

what are the 4 parts of the uterine tibes

A

isthmus
ampulla
infundibulum
fimbrae

87
Q

what is the longest and widest part if the uterine tube

A

ampulla

88
Q

what part of the uterine tubes do fertilisation occur

A

ampulla

89
Q

what is meant by an ectopic pregnancy

A

embryo attaches outside the uterus

90
Q

what happens to ovaries after menopause

A

may become atrophied and fibrous

91
Q

what is the blood supply to the gonads and genitalia

A

the gonadal and internal iliac arteries

92
Q

where does the gonadal arteries arise from

A

superior to l2

93
Q

where does the ovarian artery go

A

in the suspensory ligament to supply the brand ligament

94
Q

where does the uterine artery cross

A

crosses over the ureter at the level of the ischial spine

95
Q

what lymph nodes receive lymph from the ovaries

A

paraaortic

96
Q

where does the upper part of the uterus drain to

A

pre-arotic group of lymph nodes

97
Q

where does the body of the uterus drain

A

external iliac

98
Q

where does the lower vagina drain to

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

99
Q

what is the structure of the breasts

A

15-25 lobes with tubuloacinar gland and stroma

100
Q

what are the surface markings of the breast

A

from 2nd rib to the 6th rib

lateral border of sternum to mid axillary line

101
Q

what are the muscles of the deep surface of thebreast

A

pectoralis major
pectorals minor
serratus anterior

102
Q

what is the blood supply of the breast

A

subclavian and axially arteries

103
Q

where does the lateral breast drain to

A

pectoral lymph nodes

104
Q

what does the placenta form from

A

trophoblast following implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine endometrium

105
Q

what re the surfaces of the placenta

A

maternal

reverse-foetal side

106
Q

what is the maternal surface like

A

sic shaped, stricture is rough and spongey

107
Q

what is the foetal surface like

A

smooth and bears attachment for umbilical chord

108
Q

list four functions of the placenta

A

gaseous exchange
nutrient uptake
wasre elimination
thermoregulation

109
Q

when does the placenta separate from the wall

A

third trimester, 20th week of pregnancy

110
Q

how many umbilical arteries are there in the umbilici chord

A

2

111
Q

what is the function of umbilical arteries in the fatal circulation

A

carry deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta

112
Q

how many umbilical veins are there

A

1

113
Q

what is the function of umbilical veins

A

to carry oxygenated blood from the placenta to the baby

114
Q

what else is in the umbillical chord

A

Wharton’s jelly tissue -provides insulation and protection

115
Q

what is the two triangles bound by the two ischial tuberosities

A

urogenital triangle

anal triangle

116
Q

what triangle lies anterior inferior to the coccyx

A

anal triangle

117
Q

what is the anal triangle

A

opening of anus

external anal spchinter

118
Q

what is the urogenital traingle

A

number of layers
perineal membrane
strong deep fasciae

119
Q

what are all the muscles of the perineum supplied by

A

branch of pudenal nerve

120
Q

what are the anatomical borders of the perinuem

A

ant-pubic symphysis
post-tip of coccyx
lateral-inferior pubic rami
roof-pelvic floor

121
Q

what are the muscles of the perineum

A 
external anal sphincter
bulbospongiosis-supports erection
ischiocavernosus-maintain erection
superficial transiger perineal
deep transversals perineal
external urethral sphincter-maintain urinary continence
122
Q

what is the perineal body

A

meeting of the muscles-tendon

supports pelvic floor

123
Q

what muscles meet at the perineal body

A

levator ani
bulbospongiosus
external anal sphincter
external urethral sphincter

124
Q

what is the innervation of the external urethral spchinter

A

voluntary, pudundal nerve

125
Q

what is the innervation of the internal urethral sphincter

A

involunatry, hypogastric nerve

126
Q

what happens when the prostate enlarges

A

terminal dribbling

127
Q

what is the widest part of the male urethrra

A

prostatic

128
Q

what is sound lateral to the anal canal

A

ischio-anal fossae

129
Q

what is the function of ischio-anal fossae

A

allows canal to expand during defection, it is made of dense fat

130
Q

what structures are present in this fossa

A

pudendal artery, pudendal vein, pudendal nerve

131
Q

what is the bulb of vestibule

A

elongated masses of erectile tissues

132
Q

where are spermatozoa produced

A

seminefeous tubules in the testes

Reproduction Anatomy (1 decks)

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