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Human Physiology 2 > Anatomy of nervous system > Flashcards

Anatomy of nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers that protect CNS?

A
  1. Cranium bones (joined by fibrous joints)
  2. Dura Mater
  3. Subdural space
  4. Subarachnoid space (with arachnoid membrane and cerebrospinal fluid)
  5. Pia mater
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2
Q

What is the purpose of CSF?

A

To protect brain and spinal cord by cushioning but also to provide chemical protection through highly regulated ion balance

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3
Q

How many ventricles in the brain?

A

4 in total,

(First and second are lateral) plus the central canal

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4
Q

What is the volume of the cranium

A

1.4 litre ( 0.4 litre of fluid)

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5
Q

What are the fluids in the brain?

A
  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • interstitial fluid (pia mater)
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6
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

In the choroid plexus (walls of ventricles

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7
Q

What is the choroid plexus made of ?

A

Transporting epithelia derived from ependymal cells and capillaries

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8
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed in the blood?

A

In villi , fingerlike projections of the subarachnoid space towards the ventricles

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9
Q

Where is blood-brain barrier absent?

A

In hypothalamus to allow for neurosecretory hormone secretion and vomiting centre of medulla which monitors blood for toxins

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10
Q

Explain development of the brain in embryo

A

Firstly nervous system consists of the neural plate which enlarges to become the neural tube. This further expands and the front part will become brain whereas the back will extend and become spinal cord.

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11
Q

What is lishencephaly?

A

A set of conditions that make the brain smooth

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12
Q

What does the corpus callosum contain ?

A

Several myelinated axons

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13
Q

What is frontal lobe ?

A

Motor cortex (voluntary)

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14
Q

What is parietal and occipital lobes?

A

Integrating centres for sensory information. Occipital for visual information

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15
Q

What is function of temporal lobe?

A

Auditory and olfactory information handling

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16
Q

What is the homeostatic centre in the brain?

A

Hypothalamus

17
Q

What is one of the main function of the pituitary gland?

A

Secrete hormones like oxytocin and vasopressin

18
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Production of melatonin

19
Q

What is the function of cerebellum?

A

Involved in movement, particularly balance and postures since it obtains information from vestibular organs in the ear and from frontal cortex

20
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Plays a part in breathing reflexes

21
Q

What does medulla control?

A

Swallowing/vomiting reflexes

22
Q

What root of the spinal cord is for sensory information?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

23
Q

What root of the spinal cord is for motor information?

A

Ventral root

24
Q

What is neurotransmitter for somatic motor neurons?

A

AcetylCholine

25
Q

What is receptor for somatic motor neurons?

A

Nicotinic ACh receptor

26
Q

How many molecules does one ACh receptor bind ?

A

2

27
Q

What type of receptor is ACh?

A

Pentameric

28
Q

In what region of the spinal cord do sympathetic neurons originate?

A

From the thoracic and lumbar regions

29
Q

In what region of the spinal cord do parasympathetic neurons originate?

A

Brain stem or sacral region

30
Q

How many neurons involved in autonomic pathway?

A 
2:
One preganglionic(CNS-ganglion)  and one postganglionic (ganglion-organ). These are longer in symp. and shorter in parasympathetic.
31
Q

What neurotransmitter and receptor are used in ganglion of sympathetic system?

A

Ach to Nicotinic ACh receptor
(same as parasympathetic
)

32
Q

What neurotransmitter and receptor are used in ganglion of sympathetic system?

A

Ach to Nicotinic ACh receptor (same as sympathetic )

33
Q

What neurotransmitter and receptor are used in postganglionic part of sympathetic system?

A

Noradrenalin to Adrenergic receptor

34
Q

What neurotransmitter and receptor are used in postganglionic part of parasympathetic system?

A

ACh to Muscarinic ACh receptor

35
Q

What is a peculiar feature of autonomic synapse?

A

The presynaptic axon ends in varicosities which contain synaptic vesicles and allow for a diffused secretion of neurotransmitters in the muscle cells

Human Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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