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respiration > Anatomy of Lungs and Airways > Flashcards

Anatomy of Lungs and Airways Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

Gas Exchange, Acid Base balance, Protection from infection and Communication Via Speech

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2
Q

What is Gas Exchange?

A

Oxygen added to the blood from the air, Carbon dioxide removed from the blood into the air.

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3
Q

Why is Oxygen needed in the body?

A

To produce energy to fuel cells so they can carry out their functions.
To fuel aerobic respiration.
The brain to retain consciousness.

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4
Q

Where is the only location of Gas exchange?

A

Alveoli

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5
Q

What are the two types of Circulation?

A

Pulmonary Circulation and Systemic circulation

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6
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Delivers oxygen to tissues and picks up carbon dioxide.

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7
Q

What is pulmonary Circulation?

A

More localised. Blood from lungs to heart and heart to lungs. Delivers Carbon dioxide to lungs and picks up oxygen.

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8
Q

What is an artery?

A

Carries blood away from the heart. Generally carries oxygenated blood to peripheral tissues.

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9
Q

What is a vein?

A

Carry blood towards the heart. Generally deoxygenated.

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10
Q

What does the Pulmonary Artery carry?

A

Deoxygenated away from the heart to the lungs.

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11
Q

What is the Pulmonary Vein?

A

Oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

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12
Q

What is the relationship between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

A

Energy demand increased by working muscles - Rate and depth of breathing increases - Substrate O2 acquisition - waste disposal CO2 (TOXIC).
Heart rate & Force of contraction speeds up - substrate delivery to muscle via blood - waste removal via blood.

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13
Q

What occurs at the systemic Capillaries?

A

O2 moves from blood to cells, CO2 moves from cells to blood.

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14
Q

What are systemic Capillaries

A

Arteries that have branched. They have very thin walls. Only site of gas exchange.

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15
Q

In the steady state, what is the net volume of oxygen exchanged in the lungs per unit time equal to?
And what does it prevent?

A

The net volume exchanged in the tissues.
Same applies for CO2.
Prevents the build up of gas in circulation.

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16
Q

What are the average volumes of gas exchanged per minute?

A

250ml O2 consumed.

200ml CO2 produced

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17
Q

What is the breathing rate at rest?

A

10-20 breaths/min

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18
Q

What is the breathing rate at Maximum exercise?

A

40-45 breaths/min

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19
Q

Describe the role of the nose?

A

Air enters. Cilia and mucus trap particles and warm and moisten the air. (Air must be in solution for gas exchange)

20
Q

What is the Pharynx also known as?

A

Throat

21
Q

Role of the Epiglottis?

A

Small flap of tissue folds over and stops food from entering it when you swallow

22
Q

Role of Larynx (vocal chords)?

A

Vibrate to produce sound

23
Q

Role of bronchus?

A

Air moves from trachea into right and left bronchi, which lead inside the lungs.

24
Q

What to Bronchi divide to produce?

A

Open ended sacks called Alveoli

25
Q

What makes up the Upper Respiratory Tract?

A

Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Epiglottis

26
Q

What makes up the Lower Respiratory Tract?

A

Trachea, both lungs, Left and right bronchus, diaphragm.

Anything in the thoracic cavity

27
Q

How Many lobes is the right lung split into and what are they called?

A
  1. The SUPERIOR lobe - separated by horizontal fissure to the - MIDDLE lobe - separated by oblique fissure to the - INFERIOR
28
Q

How many Lobes does the Left lung have?

A

2 (in most cases).

SUPERIOR and INFERIOR separated by oblique fissure.

29
Q

What covers the heart?

A

Fibrous layer of Pericardium

30
Q

What is the space that sites between the lungs and ribcage called? and its Function?

A

Pleural Cavity.

Fundamental in expanding the lungs. Normally held against the ribcage.

31
Q

What are the names of the divided trachea branches?

A

Trachea bifurcates to give primary bronchi that split into 3 secondary bronchi on the right side (lobes).
Secondary bronchi split again to broncho pulmonary segments (unique tertiary bronchi or Bronchiole)

32
Q

How are the right and left primary bronchi arranged?

A

Right is more upright - almost vertical trajectory = common to find foreign bodies in this side.

33
Q

How is the patency of airways maintained?

A

Semi-rigid tubes held open by C-shaped rings of cartilage.

34
Q

Where does the c-shaped cartilage rings stop? what what hold them open?

A

Not found in Tertiary bronchi (Bronchiole), which are held by physical forces in thorax

35
Q

Where is the most resistance found in airways and why?

A

Most resistance in the upper airways as the diameter isn’t increased proportionate with the amount of air passing through it.
THINK about driving from country into city - Bottleneck

36
Q

What does contraction cause?

A

Decreased diameter or airway = increased resistance

37
Q

What does Relaxation cause?

A

Increased diameter = decreased resistance

38
Q

What changes the diameter of Bronchioles?

A

Smooth muscle

39
Q

Explain the structure of where gas exchange occurs?

A

Capillary beds found directly over Alveoli - both must have walls thin for gas exchange.

40
Q

What carries O2 from the Alveoli to the heart?

A

The pulmonary vein

41
Q

What is the role of elastic fibres?

A

Allow expansion and release elastic energy to push air out during expiration.

42
Q

Is expiration passive or active?

A

Passive. Energy has already been invested in the elastic fibres which is released.

43
Q

What are the 2 cell types found in Alveoli?

A

Type 1 cells - Gas exchange

Type 2 - specialist cells that produce Surfactant. Too thick for gas exchange.

44
Q

What is Anatomical dead space?

A

Area of no gas exchange as the walls are too thick.

45
Q

What is the function of mucus?

A

Moistens air, Traps particles, provides large surface area for cilia to act on, Goblet cells, Subepithelial glands.

respiration (6 decks)

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