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ENT > Anatomy of embryology and the ear > Flashcards

Anatomy of embryology and the ear Flashcards

1
Q

When do the pharyngeal arches develop?

A

Arch 1 - day 22
Arch 2 and 3 - day 24
Arch 4 and 6 - day 29

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2
Q

What are the 3 components of the pharyngeal apparatus?

A

Core pharyngeal arch - mesenchymal tissue
External pharyngeal cleft - ectoderm
Internal pharyngeal pouch - endoderm

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3
Q

What is contained within each pharyngeal arch?

A

Mesenchyme derived from the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm
Neural crest cells
Cranial nerve
Artery

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4
Q

What does the mesenchyme of the pharyngeal arch create?

A

Musculature of the face

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5
Q

What does the neural crest cells of the pharyngeal arch create?

A

Skeletal components of face

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6
Q

What does the cranial nerve component of the pharyngeal arch create?

A

Innervation (sensory or motor)

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7
Q

What nerve supplies the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

Trigeminal - mainly maxillary and mandibular

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8
Q

What nerve supplies the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

Facial nerve

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9
Q

What nerve supplies the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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10
Q

What nerve supplies the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch?

A

Vagus nerve:
Arch 4 - superior laryngeal
Arch 6 - recurrent laryngeal

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11
Q

What skeletal processes does the 1st pharyngeal arch form?

A 
Maxilla
Zygoma
Squamous portion of the temporal bone
Mandibular process forms meckel's cartilage
Incus and malleus
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12
Q

What muscles and nerves does the 1st arch form?

A 
All musculature V3:
Muscles of mastication
Anterior belly of digastric
Mylohyoid
Tensor tympani
Tensor veli palatini
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13
Q

What is the sensory supply to the face?

A

V1
V2
V3

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14
Q

What skeletal structures does the 2nd pharyngeal arch form?

A 
Reichert's cartilage: 
Stapes
Styloid process of temporal
Stylohyoid ligament
Lesser horn of hyoid
Upper part of hyoid body
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15
Q

What muscles and nerves does the 2nd arch form?

A 
All musculature supplied by CN V||:
Muscles of facial expression 
Posterior belly of digastric
Stylohyoid
Stapedius
Auricular muscles
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16
Q

What skeletal components does the 3rd pharyngeal arch form?

A

Greater horn

Lower part of hyoid bone

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17
Q

What muscles and nerves does the 3rd arch form?

A

Musculature supplied by CN |X:
Stylopharyngeus
Longitudinal pharyngeal muscle

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18
Q

What skeletal components does the 4th and 6th arch form?

A

Laryngeal cartilages - thyroid and cricoid cartilage

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19
Q

What muscles and nerve does the 4th arch form?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve:
Cricothyroid
Levator veli palatini
Pharyngeal constrictors

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20
Q

What muscles and nerves does the 6th arch form?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve:

Intrinsic laryngeal musculature

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21
Q

What does the 1st cleft form?

A

External acoustic meatus

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22
Q

What do the 2nd -4th cleft form?

A

Cervical sinus

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23
Q

What does the 1st pharyngeal pouch form?

A

Middle ear
Tympanic membrane
Eustahcian tube

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24
Q

What does the 2nd pharyngeal pouch form?

A

Palatine tonsil

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25
What does the 3rd pharyngeal pouch form?
Inferior parathyroid gland | Thymus
26
What does the 4th pharyngeal pouch form?
Superior parathyroid gland | Thyroid gland/ C cells
27
What structure does the thyroid gland originate from?
Foramen cecum
28
What is included in the inner ear?
Balance - semicircular canals | Hearing - organ of corti
29
What is included in the middle ear?
Tympanic cavity | Ossicles - mastus, incus and stapes
30
What is included in the external ear?
External auditory meatus | Auricle
31
What does the utricular portion of the inner ear give rise to?
Semicircular canals
32
What does the saccular portion of the inner ear give rise to?
Cochlear
33
What is formed within the crista ampullaris?
Sensory cells for balance | Vestibular fibres of CN V|||
34
When does the cochlear duct spiral?
Between weeks 6-8
35
What is included within the organ of corti?
Hair cells | Auditory nerve fibres
36
What structures surround the cochlear duct?
Scala vestibuli | Scala tympani
37
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
Acts as a patent conduit to be transported to the nasopharynx Filters air of particulate material (vibrissae - small hairs) Humidifies air (glands) Warms inspired air in the nasal passage (blood) Sense of smell as air passes over the olfactor epithelium
38
What is included in the external nose?
``` Root Dorsum Tip (V1 sensory, hutchinson's sign) Ala Nares Septum Philtrum ```
39
What are the bones of the nose?
``` Frontal bone - superior nasal processes Maxilla - inferior nasal processes Nasal bone Vomer Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha ```
40
What does the ethmoid bone form in the nasal cavity?
Perpendicular plate - septum Superior and middle concha Air cells Crista galli of cribriform plate where the olfactory axons travel through
41
What forms the septum?
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone | Septal cartilage
42
What can occur as a result of a le fort 2 or 3 fracture?
Disrupt the cribriform plate of the ethmoid resulting in ansomia, disruption of paranasal sinuses and faciliates the spread of infection
43
What mucosa is contained within the nasal vestibule?
Stratified squamous epithelium
44
What mucosa is contained within the nasal cavity?
Superiorly - olfactory epithelium at the superior concha | Inferior and medial concha is made from respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium)
45
What is the olfactory pathway?
Receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium Pass up through the cribriform plate Synapse with the olfactory bulb Neurones pass along olfactory tract Pass to temporal lobe and olfactory areas
46
What nerve supplies the superior and anterior portion of the nasal cavity extending to the tip of the nose?
Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
47
What nerve supplies the inferior and posterior portion of the nasal cavity - covering the teeth?
Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
48
What layer is the neural crest derived from?
Ectoderm
49
What branch of V1 provides innervation to the nasal cavity?
Anterior ethmoidal nerve which is a branch of the nasociliary nerve Passes through the anterior ethmoidal foramen
50
What branch of V2 provides innervation to the nasal cavity?
Nasopalatine nerve which passes through the sphenopalatine foramen
51
What is the blood supply to the face?
Ophthalmic artery from the ICA Maxillary artery from ECA Facial artery from the ECA Superior labial artery from the facial artery
52
What arteries form kiesselbacks area?
``` Lateral nasal artery (facial artery) Greater palatine (maxillary artery) Anterior ethmoidal (ophthalmic) Posterior ethmoidal (ophthalmic) Sphenopalatine (maxillary) Septal branch (facial) ```
53
What can occur with trauma to kiesselbachs area?
Epitaxis
54
Where is kiesselbachs area found?
Anteroinferorly on nasal septum
55
What are the 3 nasal conchas that project from the lateral nasal wall?
Superior nasal concha (ethmoid) Middle nasal concha (ethmoid) Inferior nasal concha (own bone)
56
What areas lie between the concha?
Sphenoethmoidal recess above the superior concha Superior meatus between superior and middle Middle meatus between middle and inferior Inferior meatus below the inferior concha
57
What sensory nerve supply is the inferior nasal concha?
CN V2
58
Where does the eustachian tube open in the throat?
Lateral wall of the nasopharynx
59
Describe airflow and the nasal cycle?
Conchae are referred to as turbinates as they cause turbulent flow through the nasal cavity They increase opportunity for humidifying, warning and filtering
60
Why will the nasal concha engorge?
Erectile tissue
61
What is a paranasal sinus?
Open space within the bone
62
What are the 4 different paranasal sinuses?
Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Maxillary sinus Sphenoidal sinus
63
What lines the paranasal sinuses?
Respiratory epithelium - ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
64
What drains into the sphenoethmoidal recess?
Sphenoid sinus
65
What drains into the superior meatus?
Posterior ethmoidal air cells
66
What drains into the middle meatus?
Semilunar hiatus Frontal sinus Maxillary sinus Anterior ethmoidal air cells
67
What drains into the inferior meatus?
Nasolacrimal duct
68
What is sinusitis?
Inflammation of the mucosa in one or more of the paranasal sinuses
69
Why does sinusitis occur?
Cilia of resp mucosa wafts mucous towards the ostia | In a viral URTI , there can be swelling reducing the diameter of the osta causing infected mucous to build up
70
What can occur if the ethmoid bone breaks?
Increased pressure can cause a rupture of the ethmoid bone breaking into the medial wall of the orbit impacting the eye/ optic nerve
71
Why can sinusitis cause referred pain to the teeth?
Sensation provided by CN V1 and V2 may be referred to the teeth
72
What sinus is predisposed to infection?
Maxillary sinus because the ostium is located superiorly and medially in relation to its cavity to the cilia must work against gravity
73
What is an oroantral fistula?
Communication between maxillary sinus and tooth socket | Tooth infection can lead to sinus infections if the roots pierce upwards into maxillary sinus
74
What different parts of the ear are responsible for hearing and balance?
Hearing - auditory system | Balance - vestibular system
75
What is the pterion?
H shaped suture which contains the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones THINNEST PART OF SKULL
76
What part of the temporal bone forms the ear?
Petrous part
77
What forms the squamous part of the frontal bone?
1st pharyngeal arch from neural crest cells
78
What arch forms the styloid process?
2nd
79
What can occur with rupture to the pterion?
Epidural haemorrhage
80
Through which does the facial nerve exit the temporal bone?
Stylomastoid foramen
81
What bones are in the anterior cranial fossa?
Frontal | Cribriform plate of ethmoid
82
What bones form the middle cranial fossa?
Parietal and sphenoid bones
83
What bones form the posterior cranial fossa?
Parietal and occipital
84
What CN exits via cribriform plate of ethmoid bone?
Olfactory
85
What CN exits via optic canal?
Optic nerve
86
What CN's exit via superior orbital fissure?
Oculomotor, Trochlear, V1 and abducens
87
What CN's exit via formen rotundum?
V2
88
What CN's exit via foramen ovale?
V3
89
What CN's exit via the internal acoustic meatus?
Facial nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve Also labyrinthine artery and vein
90
What CN's exit via the jugular foramen?
Glossopharyngeal Vagus Spinal accessory
91
What CN exits via the hypoglossal canal?
Hypoglossal canal
92
What does the facial nerve do?
``` Motor to muscles of facial expression Motor to stapedius Taste to anterior 2/3rd of tongue Secretomotor to salivary glands (except parotid which is glossopharyngeal) and lacrimal gland General sensation of external ear ```
93
What does the vestibulocochlear nerve do?
Balance | Hearing
94
What is the labyrinthine artery?
Branch of anterior inferior cerebellar artery from circle of willis
95
What is the anatomical division of the external ear?
Auricle to tympanic membrane Via external acoustic meatus Collects and conveys sound waves to tympanic membrane
96
What is the anatomical division of the middle ear?
Tympanic membrane to oval window Eustachian tube Amplifies and conducts sounds waves to internal ear
97
What is the anatomical division of the internal ear?
Oval window to internal acoustic meatus Converts special sensory info: into fluid waves then APs then conducts these APs to the brain
98
What forms the skeleton of the external ear?
Petoral temporal bone Elastic cartilage - neural crest cells Avascular - nutrients from skin
99
What forms the ear canal
Begins at external acoustic meatus Composed of 1/3rd catilage and 2/3rds bone Lined by skin Produces ear wax
100
What gland produces earwax?
Ceruminous glands
101
What nerve supplies the pinna?
C2,3 spinal nerves | Tiny bit facial nerve
102
What nerve supplies the superior parts of the external acoustic meatus and the majority of the tympanic membrane?
CN V3 (1st pharyngeal arch)
103
What nerve supplies the inferior parts of the external acoustic meatus and a small part of the tympanic membrane?
Vagus nerve - can refer to pharynx
104
Where does everything in front of the ear (lateral surface of superior half) drain to?
Parotid lymph nodes
105
Where does the auricle drain to?
Superficial cervical lymph nodes
106
Where does everything behind the ear (cranial surface of superior hald) drain to?
Mastoid lymph
107
Where does all of the ear eventually drain to?
Deep cervical lymph nodes at the carotid sheath | Then the thoracic duct or right lymph duct at venous angles
108
What does an otoscopic exam look at?
EAM and tympanic membrane - pars flaccida, cone of light, the pars tensa and the umbo (depressed part)
109
What is the difference when examining the ear in children and adults?
Children - posteroinferorly | Adults - posterosuperiorly
110
What supplies the external surface of the tympanic membrane?
CN V3
111
What supplies the internal surface of the tympanic membrane?
CN |X
112
What does the glossopharyngeal nerve provide sensory innervation to?
``` Middle ear cavity Eustachian tube Nasopharynx Oropharynx Tonsils ```
113
What bones are contained within the middle ear?
Malleus Incus Stapes
114
What muscles are contained within the middle ear?
Stapedius - facial nerve | Tensor tympani - V3
115
What type of joints are between the bones of the middle ear?
Synovial joints
116
What is the epitympanic recess?
Superior to the tympanic membrane
117
What bone connects to the oval window?
Stapes
118
What makes up the walls of the tympanic cavity?
``` Roof - tegmental wall Floor - jugular wall Lateral - membranous Medial - labyrinthine Posterior - mastoid Anterior - carotid ```
119
What is the aditus?
Doorway into the mastoid antrum from the epitympanic recess
120
Why can tonsillitis or pharyngitis mimic earache?
Common sensory nerve supply - CN |X
121
Where does the facial nerve originate from?
Brainstem at the pontomedullary unction
122
What does the chorda tympani (branch of facial nerve) supply?
Taste buds of 2/3rds of tongue | Parasymp to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
123
What is the function of the stapedius?
Recues stapes movement to protect the internal ear from excessive noise
124
What is the facial canal?
Connects the internal acoustic meatus to the stylomastoid foramen in the petrous temporal bone
125
How can the muscles of facial expression be tested?
Frown - frontalis Close eyes tightly - orbicularis oculi Smile - elevators of lips Maintain puffed out cheeks - orbicularis oris
126
What are the 2 parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Cochlear nerve - hearing | Vestibular nerve - balance
127
What is contained within the otic capsule?
Bony labyrinth filled with perilymph | Suspended within the perilymph of the labyrinth is the communicating sacs and ducts which contain endolymph
128
How many semicircular canals are there?
3 - superior, lateral and posterior
129
How many turns are there in cochlea?
Cupula (apex) | 2 turns
130
What does the perilymph communicate with?
CSF
131
What is the cochlear duct?
Long balloon like structure within the cochlear filled with endolymph - APs conducted to brainstem in the cochlear nerve
132
What are the semicircular ducts?
inter-linked balloon like structures within the semicircular canals filled with endolymph APs conducted to brainstem via vestibular nerve
133
What are hair cells stimulated by?
Movement of endolymph
134
What is a cluster of hair cells called?
Maculae
135
What do semicircular ducts detect?
Angular movement change
136
What doe the utricle and saccules detect?
Linear movement change: Utricle - horizontal - car sickness Saccule - vertical
137
Describe sound transmission?
Sound waves make tympanic membrane vibrate Vibrations transmitted through ossicles Base of stapes vibrate in oval window Vibration of stapes creates pressure waves in perilymph Hair cells in cochlea moved (endolymph), APs stimulated and conveyed to brain via cochlear nerve Pressure waves descend and become vibrations again Pressure waves dampened at round window
138
What is the organ of corti?
REceptor cells that detect auditory stimuli that is located on the basilar membrane of the cochlear dut
139
What are the 2 parts of the cochlear duct?
Scala vestibuli - sound in | Scala tympani - sound out

ENT (20 decks)

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