Anatomy of CVS 1

Question 1

Function of arteries

Answer 1

distribute blood from the heart

Question 2

function of lymphatic system

Answer 2

drain excess extracellular fluid from tissues

Question 3

where is the heart located

Answer 3

in the middle of the mediastinum

Question 4

where are blood vessels found?

Answer 4

everywhere other than in cartilage

Question 5

what is the hepatic portal circulation?

Answer 5

part of the lymphatic system

Question 6

what makes up the base of the heart

Answer 6

Left atrium

Question 7

what is the mediastinum

Answer 7

area of thoracic cavity between pleural sacs

Question 8

The heart lies between which vertebrae in recumbent position (lying down)?

Answer 8

T5-T8

Question 9

where is the apex

Answer 9

Left ventricle: 5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line

Question 10

what happens to the heart as you breath

Answer 10

it moves up and down

Question 11

what is important to know about the heart in children in comparison with adults

Answer 11

it sits higher in children and lies more horizontal

Question 12

what 3 layers make up the heart wall

Answer 12

endocardium - nnermost
myocardium - middle
epicardium - outermost

Question 13

what makes up the myocardium

Answer 13

Cardiac muscle

Question 14

what makes up the endocardium

Answer 14

epithelium and basement membrane and connective tissue

Question 15

what makes up the epicardium

Answer 15

connective tissue and basement membrane and epithelium (visceral pericardium)

Question 16

Describe the endocardium

Answer 16

lines heart chambers
simple squamous epithelium sitting on basement membrane

sits on connective tissue

forms valves

Question 17

Describe the myocardium

Answer 17

thick middle layer of heart wall 
cardiac muscle (myocytes) branching fibres

striated muscle, lots of mitochondria, single central nucleus

intercalated discs

muscle bundles in different planes to close down chamber lumen

Question 18

Describe the epicardium

Answer 18

outer layer of heart wall

simple squamous epithelium and basement membrane and connective tissue

epithelium is visceral layer of serous pericardium

contains main branches of coronary arteries

Question 19

pathway of blood through the heart

Answer 19

in through the R atrium via superior or inferior vena cava

down to the R ventricle then out the L or R pulmonary artery

Back in through the L pulmonary veins into the L atrium and down to the L ventricle then out through aorta

Question 20

heart valves

Answer 20

work passively
cusps - thin structures derived from endocardium

chordae tendinae and papillary muscles prevent valve failure

Question 21

what does the term stenosis describe?

Answer 21

narrowing

Question 22

what does the term incompetence describe?

Answer 22

widening

Question 23

how does blood enter the coronary arteries

Answer 23

at diastole, the elastic recoil of aorta closes the aortic valve and blood enters the arteries

Question 24

define diastole

Answer 24

phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood

Question 25

how does the heart stay in place?

Answer 25

attachments:- central tendon of diaphragm, sternum, roots of great vessels

lined by serous pericardium

heart is free to move

Question 26

what is the serous pericardium

Answer 26

epithelium
secretes pericardial fluid - lubricant

visceral layer - bound to the heart

parietal layer - bound to fibrous pericardium

visceral and parietal layers are continuous so give closed bag

allows freedom of movement during cardiac cycle