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BFCBP Respiratory Anatomy > Anatomy of Breathing > Flashcards

Anatomy of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

List the four anatomical components that make up the upper respiratory tract (URT).

A
  1. The right and left nasal cavities.
  2. The oral cavity.
  3. The naso-, oro-, and laryngo- pharynx.
  4. The larynx.

Note that either 1. or 2. can be the start of the upper respiratory tract as can breath through either.

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2
Q

List the six anatomical components that make up the lower respiratory tract (LRT).

A
  1. The trachea.
  2. The right and left main bronchi.
  3. The lobar bronchi.
  4. The segmental bronchi.
  5. Bronchioles.
  6. Alveoli.
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3
Q

What two things occur at the level of C6 vertebra in terms of the respiratory and GI tracts?

A
  1. The larynx becomes the trachea.

2. The pharynx becomes the oesophagus.

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4
Q

Where can the trachea be palpated?

A

At the jugular notch of the manubrium.

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5
Q

Anterior to which tracheal cartilages is the isthmus of the thyroid located?

A

Tracheal cartilages 2-4.

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6
Q

What makes up the chest cavity?

A

The mediastinum, the right pleural cavity, and the left pleural cavity.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of pleural fluid?

A

Acts as a lubricant and provides surface tension.

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8
Q

Where does the pleura reflect?

A

At the lung roots.

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9
Q

Name the lobes of the right lung.

A

Upper, middle, and lower lobes.

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10
Q

Name the lobes of the left lung.

A

Upper and lower lobes.

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11
Q

What are lobes separated by in the lungs?

A

Fissures.

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12
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

An area of a lung lobe that one of the segmental bronchi supplies with area.

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13
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does each lung have?

A

Ten.

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14
Q

What ribs are described as the “true” ribs and what does this mean?

A

Ribs 1-7.

They are “true” as they attach via their own costal cartilage to the sternum.

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15
Q

What ribs are described as “false” ribs and what does this mean?

A

Ribs 8-10.

They are “false” as they attach via the costal cartilage above to the sternum.

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16
Q

What ribs are described as “floating” ribs and what does this mean?

A

Ribs 11 & 12.

They are “floating” as they have no attachment to the sternum.

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17
Q

What are the four areas of the sternum?

A
  1. Manubrium.
  2. Body.
  3. Xiphoid.
  4. Sternal angle.
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18
Q

What is the purpose of the costal groove and where is it located?

A

It provides the pathway for the intercostal neurovascular bundle (NVB).

Located inferiorly on the deep surface of ribs.

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19
Q

What is the rib angle?

A

Where the shaft subtly changes direction.

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20
Q

What does the head of the rib articulate with?

A

It articulates with the body of the vertebra of the same number and the body of the vertebra superiorly.

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21
Q

What does the rib tubercle articulate with?

A

The transverse process of the vertebra of the same number.

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22
Q

What is the name given to the joints attaching the costal cartilage to the sternum and what type of joints are these?

A

Sternocostal joints.

These are synovial joints.

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23
Q

What is the name given to the joints which attach the ribs to costal cartilage?

A

Costochondral joints.

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24
Q

What is the name given to the joints which attach the ribs to vertebrae?

A

Costovertebral joints.

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25
Q

What are the three layers of skeletal muscle located between the ribs and within the intercostal spaces?

A
  1. External intercostals.
  2. Internal intercostals.
  3. Innermost intercostals.
26
Q

What is the purpose of intercostal muscles during breathing?

A

They make the chest wall expand by pulling adjacent ribs upwards and outwards.

27
Q

How many pairs of intercostal spaces are there?

A

11.

28
Q

What does an intercostal NVB consist of and between which intercostal muscle layers can it be found?

A

They contain a vein, an artery, and a nerve.

They are located between the internal and innermost intercostal muscle layers.

29
Q

What is the nerve supply to the intercostal spaces?

A

Anterior ramus of spinal nerve (intercostal nerve).

30
Q

Describe the blood supply to the posterior intercostal spaces in terms of a) the arterial supply and b) the venous drainage.

A

a) Thoracic aorta.

b) Azygous vein.

31
Q

Describe the blood supply to the antercostal intercostal spaces in terms of a) the arterial supply and b) the venous drainage.

A

a) Internal thoracic artery.

b) Internal thoracic vein.

32
Q

What are the bilateral posterior branches from the thoracic aorta that supply the chest wall called?

A

Intercostal arteries.

33
Q

What are the anterior branches from the thoracic aorta that supply arterial blood for the lung tissue called?

A

Bronchial arteries.

34
Q

What two anatomical features of the diaphragm allow for it to be categorised as an internal part of the body wall?

A
  1. It forms the floor of the chest cavity.

2. It forms the roof of the abdominal cavity.

35
Q

What is unusual about the diaphragm as a skeletal muscle?

A

It has an unusual central tendon.

36
Q

The right dome of the diaphragm is more inferior than the left dome. True or false?

A

False - the right dome is more superior than the left dome normally.

This is due to the presence of the liver inferiorly.

37
Q

What three parts of the skeleton does the diaphragm attach to?

A
  1. The sternum.
  2. The lower six ribs (ribs 7-12) and costal cartilages
  3. L1-L3 vertebral bodies.
38
Q

What nerve supplies the diaphragm and where does this come from?

A

The phrenic nerve from C3, 4 and 5 anterior rami.

39
Q

Where are the phrenic nerves found in the neck?

A

On the anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle.

40
Q

Where are the phrenic nerves found in the chest (thorax)?

A

Descending over the lateral aspects of the heart.

41
Q

What do the phrenic nerves supply to both the fibrous pericardium and the diaphragm?

A

Somatic sensory and sympathetic axons.

42
Q

What do the phrenic nerves supply to the diaphragm only, which they do not supply to the fibrous pericardium?

A

Somatic motor axons.

Note, also supplies somatic sensory and sympathetic axons.

43
Q

Describe the three steps involved in the mechanics of inspiration.

A
  1. The diaphragm contracts and descends - increases the vertical thoracic dimension.
  2. Intercostal muscles contract, elevating the ribs - this increases AP and lateral chest dimensions.
  3. The chest walls pull the lungs outwards with them (pleura) - air flows into the lungs due to the negative pressure created.
44
Q

Describe the three steps involved in the mechanics of expiration.

A
  1. Diaphragm relaxes and rises - decreases the vertical thoracic dimension.
  2. Intercostal muscles relax, lowering ribs - decreases AP and lateral chest dimensions.
  3. Elastic tissue of lung recoils - air flows out of the lungs.
45
Q

Where does lymph from the medial quadrants of the breast drain to?

A

Parasternal nodes - chains run parallel and deep to the sternal edges.

46
Q

Where does lymph from the lateral quadrants of the breast drain to?

A

Unilateral drainage to axillary nodes.

47
Q

What blood vessels supply the breast?

A

Subclavian & internal thoracic artery and vein.

48
Q

What muscles lie posteriorly to the breast?

A

Pectoralis major and minor.

49
Q

What is the purpose of superficial fascia?

A

Insulation.

50
Q

What is the purpose of deep fascia?

A

Fibrous and tough - provides protection.

51
Q

Where can the cephalic vein be found?

A

In the delta-pectoral groove.

52
Q

Name the two lateral muscles of the chest wall.

A
  1. Latissimus dorsi.

2. Serratus anterior (anchors scapula to ribs).

53
Q

What does paralysis of the serratus anterior cause and what is the usual reason why this happens?

A

It causes a “winged” scapula.

Usually through injury to the long thoracic nerve.

54
Q

What are the most dependent parts of the pleural cavity?

A

The costodiaphragmatic (costophrenic) recesses at the costophrenic angles.

55
Q

What are the four borders of the parietal pleura?

A
  1. Cervical parietal pleura.
  2. Costal parietal pleura.
  3. Diaphragmatic parietal pleura.
  4. Mediastinal parietal pleura.
56
Q

Where is the costodiaphragmatic recess located?

A

Between the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and the costal parietal pleura.

57
Q

Where does abnormal fluid the pleural cavity drain to and what does this appear as on a CXR?

A

Into the costodiaphragmatic recess (e.g. from pleural effusion or haemothorax).

This appears as “blunting of the angles” and a fluid level on CXR.

58
Q

What are all the structures found at the root of the lung?

A
  1. One main bronchus.
  2. One pulmonary artery.
  3. Two pulmonary veins.
  4. Lymphatics.
  5. Visceral afferents.
  6. Sympathetic nerves.
  7. Parasympathetic nerves.
59
Q

What is auscultation?

A

Listening to the sound of air moving through the larynx.

60
Q

What are the nature of normal breath sounds heard via a stethoscope?

A

Rustling in nature.

61
Q

Along what pathway does the horizontal fissure of the right lung follow?

A

Following rib four.

62
Q

Along what pathway do the oblique fissures of both lungs follow?

A

At the level of ribs six anteriorly rising to T3 vertebral level posteriorly.

BFCBP Respiratory Anatomy (1 decks)

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