Anatomy of breathing Flashcards
What components make up the Upper Respiratory Tracts
- right and left nasal cavities
- the Oral cavity
- the naso-oro-laryngo- pharynx
- larynx
What are the 3 divisions of the pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- larnygopharanyx
What are the components of the lower respiratory tract
- Trachea
- Right and left main bronchi
- lobular bronchi - supplies lobes of lungs (3 right, 2 left)
- Segmental bronchi
- Alveoli
What happens C6 vertebra
- The larynx becomes the trachea
- The pharynx becomes the Oesophagus
what is anterior to the tracheal cartilages 2-4
The Isthmus - bridge that connects the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland
What are the 2 parts of thorax
Chest walls
- protect the heart and the lungs
- Make movements of breathing
- Breath tissue - lactation
Chest cavity
- contains vital organs
- contains major vessels and nerves
- contains the mediastinum and the right and left pleural cavities
What are the layers of the chest wall
- Fascia
- skeletal muscle
- bones and joint
- parietal pleura
how do the lungs develop in an embryo
- the lung bud pushes out from the mediastinum
- is covered in pleura
- Visceral pleura on the lung
- the pleura is reflected at the lung roots
- the pluera secretes pleural fluid into pleural spaces which allows lubrication and provides surface tension
how many lobes are in the right lung
3 lobes
- upper lobe
- middle lobe
- lower lobe
lobes are separated by 2 fishures
- right horizontal fissure
- Oblique
how many lobes are in the left lung
2 lobes
- upper lobe
- lower lobe
1 fissure
- Oblique fissure
what are bronchopulmonary segments
- the area of lung lobe that each one of the segmental bronchi supply with air
- each lung has 10 bronchopulmonary segments
How many pairs of ribs and what are they
12 pairs of ribs- 12 thoracic vertebrae
- 1-7 true ribs
- 8-10 false ribs - attach via costal cartilages
- 11-12 floating ribs - no attachments to sternum
What bones are included in the thoracic skeleton
- 12 pairs of ribs
- 12 thoracic vertebrae
- clavical and scapula
- Sternum
What are the different parts of the sternum
- manubrium
- body
- xyphoid process
- sternal angle
What are the joints of the ribs
Head of rib
- articulates with body of verbrea and one above
Rib tubercle
- articulates with the transverse process of same number vertebrae
Body/shaft of rib
Costal grove
- deep surface for NVB
Rib angle - where shaft changes direction
Neck of rib - anteriorly
What are the joints of the thoracic skeleton
- sternocostal joints -synovial
- costocondral joints
- Costovertebral joints - limmited movement
What are the muscles of breathing
3 layers of skeletal muscles are located between the ribs and with instercostal space
- external intercostal
- internal intercostal
- innermost intercostal
layers attach between adjacent ribs
- Expand chest walls
- pulling adjcent ribs upwards and outwards
What is contained between instercostal spaces
- intercostal neuro vascular bundle
- located between the intercostal and inner most internal intercostal muscles
What is the nerve supply to the intercostal spaces
Anterior ramus of spinal nerve - intercostal nerve
What is the blood to the intercostal spaces
Posteriorly
- Arterial supply -Thoracic Aorta
- Venous Drainage - Azygous vein
Anteriorly
- Arterial supply - internal thoracic artery
- Vanous drainage - internal thoracic vein
2 form of blood supply to the lungs
Bilateral posterior intercostal arteries
- Supply chest wall
Branches from thoracic Aorta anterior surface
- Bronchial arteries
- Supply lung tissue
What is the Diaphragm
- skeletal muscle with a central tendon
- forms floor of chest cavity
- roof of abdominal cavity
left and right domes
- Right dome more supperior - due to liver
What are the openings for in the diaphragm
passage of the following
- oesophagus
- Aorta
- Vien
What are the Attachments of the diaphragm
Muscular parts attach to the following
- The sternum
- The lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages
- L1-L3 vertebral vodies
What is the nerve supply to the diaphragm
Phrenic neve
- C3 , 4 ,5 - anterior rami
- keeps the diagphram alive
What are phrenic nerves
- Supplies somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to diaphragm and fibrous pericaridum
- supplies somatic motor axons to the diaphragm
where the the phrenic nerves found
- found in Neck- on anterior surface of scalenus muscle
- found in the check - descending down the lateral aspects of the heart
what are the steps of inspiratory mechanics
diaphragm contracts and descends
- increaes verticle chest dimension
Intercostal muscles contract elelevating ribs
- Increases Anteior -posterior chest dimensions
- increases lateral chest dimensions
Chest walls pull lung outwards with them - pleura
- air flows into lung
- -ve pressure
What the steps of expiratroy mechanis
Diaphragm relaxes and rises
- decreases verticle thoraci dimension
Intercostal muscles relax, lowering ribs
- A-P and lateral dimension decrease
Elastic tissue of lungs recoils
- Air flows out of lungs
What are the 4 quadrents of the female breast
- Superiorlateral quadrent
- Superiormedial quadrent
- inferiolateral quadrent
- inferiomedial quadrent
breast tissue is extended all the way into axilla
female breast
Underlying supporting structures
- pectoralis major
- Ribs
- intercostal muscles
What is the blood supply to the female breast
Artierla blood supply
- Internal thoracic artery - branch from subclavian
- Subclavian artery
Venous drainage
- internal thoracic vien
- subclavian vien
What is the lymphatic drainage of the female breast
Unilateral drainage
- from lateral quadrents to axillary nodes
Bilateral drainage
- from medial quarents to parasternal nodes (run deep to parallel sternal edge)
What is surface anatomy of the chest
What are the muscles of the anteriolateral chest wall
- pectoralis major
- Deltoid
- latimus dorsi
- Serrous anterior
What is the function of latisimus dorsi
- Abductor
- rotator
- of upper limb
what is the function of Serratus anterior muscle
anchors scapula to ribs
- Paralysis of muscle
- Winged scapula - injury to thoracic vien
- long thoracic nerve
where is the locaiton of the cephalic vien
deltoid-pectoral groove
identify the locaiton of the long thoracic vien
- supplies serrus anterior muscle
What are the 4 secitons of the pareital pleural
- Cervical parietal pleura
- Costal parietal pleura
- Mediastinal parietal pleura
- Diaphragmatic pareital pleura
What is the costo-diaphragmatic Recess
- Most inferior part of pleural cavity when up right
Location : between diaphragmatic parietal pleura and costal pareital pleura
- Most inferior region laterally is called -costophrenic angle
what happesn to the costodraphragmatic recess during a pleural effusion or haemothorax
- abnormal fluid drains into the recess
causes blunting of the angles and fluid levels are seen on CXR
What are the structure of the root of lung
- Main bronchus
- Pulmonary artery
- 2 pulmonary viens
- Visceral afferents
- sympathetic nerves
- parasympathetic nerves
- lymphatics
pleura is reflected on to each other at root of lung
What are the surface markings of the right lung
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- Azygous vein
- heart
- diaphragm
- ribs
What are the lung markings of the left lung
- Aorta
- Ribs
- Heart
- Diaphragm
What are the locations for auscultation
ausculation of lung apex
- Superior to medial 1/3 of clavical
- root of neck
Auscultation of middle lobe
- between ribs 3 and 4
- midaxillary line and midclavicular line
Auscultation of lung base
- scapular line
- T11 vertebral level
Anatomy of the pectoral region
- pectoral fascia - covers surface of pectoralis major
- pectoralis minor
- pectoralis major
