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Respiratory anatomy > Anatomy of breathing > Flashcards

Anatomy of breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What components make up the Upper Respiratory Tracts

A
  • right and left nasal cavities
  • the Oral cavity
  • the naso-oro-laryngo- pharynx
  • larynx
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2
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. larnygopharanyx
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3
Q

What are the components of the lower respiratory tract

A
  • Trachea
  • Right and left main bronchi
  • lobular bronchi - supplies lobes of lungs (3 right, 2 left)
  • Segmental bronchi
  • Alveoli
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4
Q

What happens C6 vertebra

A
  • The larynx becomes the trachea
  • The pharynx becomes the Oesophagus
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5
Q

what is anterior to the tracheal cartilages 2-4

A

The Isthmus - bridge that connects the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland

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6
Q

What are the 2 parts of thorax

A

Chest walls

  • protect the heart and the lungs
  • Make movements of breathing
  • Breath tissue - lactation

Chest cavity

  • contains vital organs
  • contains major vessels and nerves
  • contains the mediastinum and the right and left pleural cavities
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7
Q

What are the layers of the chest wall

A
  • Fascia
  • skeletal muscle
  • bones and joint
  • parietal pleura
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8
Q

how do the lungs develop in an embryo

A
  • the lung bud pushes out from the mediastinum
  • is covered in pleura
  • Visceral pleura on the lung
  • the pleura is reflected at the lung roots
  • the pluera secretes pleural fluid into pleural spaces which allows lubrication and provides surface tension
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9
Q

how many lobes are in the right lung

A

3 lobes

  1. ​upper lobe
  2. middle lobe
  3. lower lobe

lobes are separated by 2 fishures

  • right horizontal fissure
  • Oblique
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10
Q

how many lobes are in the left lung

A

2 lobes

  1. upper lobe
  2. lower lobe

1 fissure

  • Oblique fissure
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11
Q

what are bronchopulmonary segments

A
  • the area of lung lobe that each one of the segmental bronchi supply with air
  • each lung has 10 bronchopulmonary segments
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12
Q

How many pairs of ribs and what are they

A

12 pairs of ribs- 12 thoracic vertebrae

  • 1-7 true ribs
  • 8-10 false ribs - attach via costal cartilages
  • 11-12 floating ribs - no attachments to sternum
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13
Q

What bones are included in the thoracic skeleton

A
  • 12 pairs of ribs
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae
  • clavical and scapula
  • Sternum
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14
Q

What are the different parts of the sternum

A
  • manubrium
  • body
  • xyphoid process
  • sternal angle
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15
Q

What are the joints of the ribs

A

Head of rib

  • articulates with body of verbrea and one above

Rib tubercle

  • articulates with the transverse process of same number vertebrae

Body/shaft of rib

Costal grove

  • deep surface for NVB

Rib angle - where shaft changes direction

Neck of rib - anteriorly

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16
Q

What are the joints of the thoracic skeleton

A
  1. sternocostal joints -synovial
  2. costocondral joints
  3. Costovertebral joints - limmited movement
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17
Q

What are the muscles of breathing

A

3 layers of skeletal muscles are located between the ribs and with instercostal space

  • external intercostal
  • internal intercostal
  • innermost intercostal

layers attach between adjacent ribs

  • Expand chest walls
  • pulling adjcent ribs upwards and outwards
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18
Q

What is contained between instercostal spaces

A
  • intercostal neuro vascular bundle
  • located between the intercostal and inner most internal intercostal muscles
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19
Q

What is the nerve supply to the intercostal spaces

A

Anterior ramus of spinal nerve - intercostal nerve

20
Q

What is the blood to the intercostal spaces

A

Posteriorly

  • ​Arterial supply -Thoracic Aorta
  • Venous Drainage - Azygous vein

Anteriorly

  • Arterial supply - internal thoracic artery
  • Vanous drainage - internal thoracic vein
21
Q

2 form of blood supply to the lungs

A

Bilateral posterior intercostal arteries

  • Supply chest wall

Branches from thoracic Aorta anterior surface

  • Bronchial arteries
  • Supply lung tissue
22
Q

What is the Diaphragm

A
  • skeletal muscle with a central tendon
  • forms floor of chest cavity
  • roof of abdominal cavity

left and right domes

  • Right dome more supperior - due to liver
23
Q

What are the openings for in the diaphragm

A

passage of the following

  • oesophagus
  • Aorta
  • Vien
24
Q

What are the Attachments of the diaphragm

A

Muscular parts attach to the following

  • The sternum
  • The lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages
  • L1-L3 vertebral vodies
25
What is the nerve supply to the diaphragm
**Phrenic neve** * **C3 , 4 ,5 -** anterior rami * keeps the diagphram alive
26
What are phrenic nerves
* Supplies somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to diaphragm and fibrous pericaridum * supplies somatic motor axons to the diaphragm
27
where the the phrenic nerves found
* found in Neck- on anterior surface of scalenus muscle * found in the check - descending down the lateral aspects of the heart
28
what are the steps of inspiratory mechanics
**diaphragm contracts and descends** * increaes verticle chest dimension **Intercostal muscles contract elelevating ribs** * Increases Anteior -posterior chest dimensions * increases lateral chest dimensions **Chest walls pull lung outwards with them - pleura** * air flows into lung * -ve pressure
29
What the steps of expiratroy mechanis
**Diaphragm relaxes and rises** * decreases verticle thoraci dimension **Intercostal muscles relax, lowering ribs** * A-P and lateral dimension decrease **Elastic tissue of lungs recoils** * Air flows out of lungs
30
What are the 4 quadrents of the female breast
* Superiorlateral quadrent * Superiormedial quadrent * inferiolateral quadrent * inferiomedial quadrent breast tissue is extended all the way into axilla
31
female breast
Underlying supporting structures * pectoralis major * Ribs * intercostal muscles
32
What is the blood supply to the female breast
**Artierla blood supply** * Internal thoracic artery - branch from subclavian * Subclavian artery **Venous drainage** * internal thoracic vien * subclavian vien
33
What is the lymphatic drainage of the female breast
**Unilateral drainage** * from lateral quadrents to **axillary nodes** **Bilateral drainage** * from medial quarents to **parasternal nodes** (run deep to parallel sternal edge)
34
What is surface anatomy of the chest
35
What are the muscles of the anteriolateral chest wall
* pectoralis major * Deltoid * latimus dorsi * Serrous anterior
36
What is the function of latisimus dorsi
* Abductor * rotator * of upper limb
37
what is the function of Serratus anterior muscle
**anchors scapula to ribs** * **Paralysis of muscle** * Winged scapula - injury to thoracic vien * **long thoracic nerve**
38
where is the locaiton of the cephalic vien
deltoid-pectoral groove
39
identify the locaiton of the long thoracic vien
* supplies serrus anterior muscle
40
What are the 4 secitons of the pareital pleural
1. Cervical parietal pleura 2. Costal parietal pleura 3. Mediastinal parietal pleura 4. Diaphragmatic pareital pleura
41
What is the costo-diaphragmatic Recess
* Most inferior part of pleural cavity when up right **Location :** between diaphragmatic parietal pleura and costal pareital pleura * Most inferior region laterally is called -**costophrenic angle**
42
what happesn to the costodraphragmatic recess during a pleural effusion or haemothorax
* abnormal fluid drains into the recess ## Footnote **causes blunting of the angles and fluid levels are seen on CXR**
43
What are the structure of the root of lung
1. Main bronchus 2. Pulmonary artery 3. 2 pulmonary viens 4. Visceral afferents 5. sympathetic nerves 6. parasympathetic nerves 7. lymphatics ## Footnote **pleura is reflected on to each other at root of lung**
44
What are the surface markings of the right lung
* superior vena cava * inferior vena cava * Azygous vein * heart * diaphragm * ribs
45
What are the lung markings of the left lung
* Aorta * Ribs * Heart * Diaphragm
46
What are the locations for auscultation
**ausculation of lung apex** * Superior to medial 1/3 of clavical * root of neck **Auscultation of middle lobe** * between **ribs 3 and 4** * midaxillary line and midclavicular line **Auscultation of lung base** * scapular line * T11 vertebral level
47
Anatomy of the pectoral region
* pectoral fascia - covers surface of pectoralis major * pectoralis minor * pectoralis major

Respiratory anatomy (3 decks)

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