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Anatomy: Respiratory > Anatomy of Breathing > Flashcards

Anatomy of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What components make up the upper respiratory tract?

A

Right and left nasal cavities

Oral cavity

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Larynx

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2
Q

What components make up the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea

Right and left bronchi

Lobar bronchi

Segmental bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

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3
Q

Which parts of the lower respiratory tract are in the lungs?

A

Lobar bronchi

Segmental bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

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4
Q

At which spinal cord level does the larynx become the trachea?

A

C6

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5
Q

At which spinal cord level does the pharynx become the oesophagus?

A
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6
Q

What is the significance of C6 vertebral level in terms of the divisions of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts?

A

Larynx becomes trachea

Pharynx becomes oesophagus

At C6

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7
Q

Where can the trachea be palpated?

A

Jugular notch of the manubrium

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8
Q

Where is the isthmus of the thyroid gland in relation to the tracheal cartilages?

A

Anterior

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9
Q

Which tracheal cartilages is the isthmus of the thyroid gland lie infront of?

A

Tracheal cartilages 2-4

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10
Q

What is immediately superior and inferior to the thorax?

A

Superior - neck

Inferior - abdomen

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11
Q

What makes up the thorax?

A

Chest walls

Chest cavity

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12
Q

What is the function of the chest walls?

A

Protect the thoracic viscera

Make the movements of breathing

Lactation (in female breath tissue)

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13
Q

What is the function of the chest cavity?

A

Houses viscera

Contains major vessels and nerves

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14
Q

What two regions form the chest cavity?

A

Mediastinum and the right/left pleural cavities

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15
Q

Describe lung development

A

A lung bud pushes from the mediastinum into a preformed layer of pleura

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16
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

The space between the parietal and visceral pleura

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17
Q

What is the difference between parietal and visceral pleura?

A

Parietal pluera is in contact with the chest wall

Visceral pleura is in contact with the lung itself

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18
Q

Where does the reflection of pleura occur?

A

At the lung roots

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19
Q

What do the pleural layers do?

A

Secrete pleural fluid which lubricates the plueral cavity and provides surface tension

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20
Q

What is the function of pleural fluid?

A

Lubricates the pleural cavity and provides surface tension

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21
Q

What is a lung lobe?

A

An area of lung which one lobar bronchi supplies with air

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22
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

An area of lung that a segmentl bronchiole supplies with air

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23
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there?

A

20

Each lung has 10

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24
Q

What bones form the thoracic skeleton?

A

12 pairs of ribs

Sternum

Clavicle

Scapula

12 thoracic vertebrae

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25
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have and what are they called?

A

2

Superior/upper lobe

Inferior/lower lobe

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26
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have and what are they called?

A

3

Superior/upper lobe

Middle lobe

Inferior lobe

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27
Q

How many lobar bronchi does the left lobe have?

A

2

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28
Q

How many lobar bronchi does the right lobe have?

A

3

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29
Q

What is a true rib?

A

A rib which articulates directly with the sternum via its costal cartilage

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30
Q

What is a false rib?

A

Ribs which articulate with the sternum indirectly via a shared costal cartilage

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31
Q

What is a floating rib?

A

A rib which doesn’t articulate with the sternum

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32
Q

How many pairs of ribs do we have?

A

12

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33
Q

Which ribs are true ribs?

A

1-7

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34
Q

Which ribs are false ribs?

A

8-10

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35
Q

Which ribs are floating ribs?

A

11 and 12

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36
Q
A
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37
Q

What does the head of the rib do?

A

Articulates with the body of the vertebra

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38
Q

What does the rib tubercle do?

A

Articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra

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39
Q

What is the rib angle?

A

Location where the body/shaft subtely changes direction

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40
Q

What and where is the costal groove of a rib?

A

Small groove in on the body of the rib where the intercostal neurovascular bundle runs

Inferior on the deep surface

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41
Q

How does a rib articulate with the sternum?

A

Via its costal cartilage

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42
Q

How do you know which rib articulates with which thoracic vertebrae?

A

Rib 1 articulates with T1

Rib 2 articulates with T2

…

Rib 12 articultes with T12

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43
Q

Name the numbered structures/features on a rib

A
  1. Costal groove
  2. Rib angle
  3. Body of the rib
  4. Rib tubercle
  5. Head of the rib
  6. Neck of the rib
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44
Q

Which part of the rib articulates with the vertebrae, the thick or thin part?

A

The thin part (head of the rib)

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45
Q

Name the numbered joints

A
  1. Sternocostal joint
  2. Costochondral joint
  3. Costovertebral joint
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46
Q

What is the general range of movement for the rib joints?

A

Limites movement

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47
Q

What is the name of the muscles which lie between the ribs and in the intercostal spaces?

A

Intercostal muscles

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48
Q

What are the 3 layers of intercostal muscle from superficial to deep?

A

External intercostal muscle (superficial)

Internal intercostal muscle

Innermost intercostal muscle (deep)

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49
Q

Where do the layers of intercostal muscles attach?

A

Between adjacent ribs

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50
Q

What does contraction of the intercostal muscles do?

A

Pulls the ribs outwards and upwards

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51
Q

What are the intercostal spaces?

A

The spaces between the ribs

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52
Q

How many intercostal spaces are there?

A

11

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53
Q

What runs in the intercostal spaces?

A

Intercostal neurovascular bundle

54
Q

Between which layers does the intercostal neurovascular bundle run?

A

Between internal and innermost intercostal muscle

55
Q

What innervates the intercostal spaces?

A

The anterior ramus of the correlating spinal nerve

Intercostal nerve

56
Q

What supplies the posterior intercostal spaces with blood?

A

Posterior intercostal arteries arising from thoracic aorta

57
Q

What drains the posterior intercostal spaces of blood?

A

Azygous vein

58
Q

What supplies the anterior intercostal spaces with blood?

A

Branches of the internal thoracic arteries

59
Q

What drains the anterior intercostal spaces of blood?

A

Internal thoracic vein

60
Q

Where do the internal thoracic arteries run?

A

Course bilaterally down either side of the deep surface of the sternum

61
Q

Where do the internal thoracic veins run?

A

Course bilaterally down either side of the deep surface of the sternum

62
Q

Name the numbered structures

A
  1. Vertebral column
  2. Parietal pleura
  3. Layers of intercostal muscle
  4. Intercostal neurovascular bundle
  5. Internal thoracic artery and vein
  6. Sternum
  7. Intercostal neurovascular bundle
63
Q

Which surface of the thoracic aorta do the bronchial arteries come off?

A

Anterior

64
Q

What do the bronchial arteries supply?

A

Lungs

65
Q

What is the main muscle of respiration?

A

Diaphragm

66
Q

What forms the floor of the chest cavity?

A

Diaphragm

67
Q

What forms the roof of the abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphragm

68
Q

How do structures pass from the chest cavity to the abdominal cavity?

A

Through openings in the diaphragm

69
Q

What is the name of the opening in the diaphragm which the aorta passes through?

A

Aortic hiatus

70
Q

What type of muscle is the diaphragm?

A

Skeletal

71
Q

What forms the centre of the diaphragm?

A

A central tendon

72
Q

What shape is the diaphragm?

A

Arranged as two domes

73
Q

Which dome of the diaphragm is more superior and why?

A

Right dome is superior

Due to presence of liver beneath it

74
Q

What are the muscular attachments of the diaphragm?

A

Attaches to the:

  • sternum
  • lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages
  • L1-L3 vertebral bodies
75
Q

What supplies the muscular part of the diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerve (C3,4 and 5 anterior rami)

76
Q

What is the phrenic nerve?

A

Combined anterior rami of C3, C4, C5

77
Q

Where can the phrenic nerve be found in the neck?

A

Anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle

78
Q

Where can the phrenic nerve be found in the thorax?

A

Over the lateral aspects of the heart

79
Q

What does the phrenic nerve supply with motor fibres?

A

Diaphragm

80
Q

What does the phrenic nerve supply with sensory fibres?

A

Diaphragm

Fibrous pericardium

81
Q

What does contraction of the diaphragm do?

A

Flattens out its dome shape which increases the lung volume vertically

82
Q

What are the basic mechanisms of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm contracts pulling the lungs down

Intercostal muscles contract pulling the lungs upwards and outwards

This increases the lung volume and therefore decreases lung pressure

Air flows into the low pressure of the lungs along its concentration gradient

83
Q

What are the basic mechanisms of exhalation?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax

The elastic tissue present in the lungs recoil restoring its normal shape

The reduced volume increases the lung pressure which expels air

84
Q

What is the function of the elastic tissue in the lungs?

A

Allows the lung to recoil to its original shape on exhalation

85
Q

Name the numbered structures

A
  1. Right midclavicular line
  2. Midline (sternal line)
  3. Left midclavicular line
  4. Anterior axillary line
  5. Posterior axillary line
  6. Midaxillary line
  7. Axilla
  8. Costal margin
86
Q

What is the costal margin?

A

Line that runs along the anteroinferior border of the ribcage

87
Q

What is the surface of the female breast divided into?

A

4 quadrants

(superolateral, superomedial, inferolateral, inferomedial)

88
Q

What is the areola?

A

Ring of pigmented skin around a nipple

89
Q

What is the axilliary tail of the female breast?

A

Extension of tissue which extends the the axilla

90
Q

What must an examination of the female breast involve?

A

All 4 quadrants

Nipple

Areola

Axilliary tail

Regional lymphatics

91
Q

Name the numbered structures

A
  1. Pectoral fascia (deep fascia)
  2. Pectoralis major
  3. Pectoralis minor
  4. Rib
  5. Intercostal muscle
  6. Parietal pleura
92
Q

To what lymph nodes do the lateral quadrants of the breast drain to?

A

Axillary nodes

93
Q

To what lymph nodes do the medial quadrants of the breast drain to?

A

Parasternal nodes

94
Q

Name the numbered structures/landmarks

A
  1. Jugular notch
  2. Clavicle
  3. Sternal angle
  4. Xiphoid process
  5. Costal margin
  6. Right and left pectoralis major
95
Q

What is the delto-pectoral groove?

A

Gap between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscle

96
Q

What runs in the deltopectoral groove?

A

Cephalic vein

97
Q

Name the numbered structures

A
  1. Skin
  2. Superficial fascia
  3. Deep fascia
  4. Intercostal nerves
  5. Pectoralis major
  6. Cephalic vein
  7. Deltoid
  8. Clavicle
98
Q

Name the numbered structures

A
  1. Pectoralis major
  2. Long thoracic nerve
  3. Latissimus dorsi
  4. Serratus anterior
99
Q

What causes ‘winged scapula’ and why does it cause this?

A

Paralysis of serratus anterior

This muscle connects the scapula to the rubs

100
Q

What nerve supplies serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic nerve

101
Q

What can injury to the long thoracic nerve cause and why?

A

Winged scapula

Long thoracic nerve supplies serratis anterior which anchors scapula to the ribs

Paralysis of this muscle (due to long thoracic nerve damage) causes winged scapula

102
Q

Where are the attatchments of pectoralis minor?

A

The coracoid process of the scapula

Ribs 3-5

103
Q

Name the numbered structures

A
  1. Ribs
  2. Sternum
  3. Intercostal muscles
  4. Intercostal nerve
  5. Anterior intercostal artery
  6. Anterior intercostal vein
  7. Right internal thoracic artery and vein
  8. Right subclavian artery and vein
104
Q

What does the anterior intercostal vein drain into?

A

The internal thoracic vein

105
Q

What is the anterior intercostal artery a branch of?

A

Internal thoracic artery

106
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

Most inferior region of the pleural cavity

107
Q

Where is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

Between the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and the costal parietal pleura

108
Q

What is the most inferior region of the costodiaphragmatic recess called?

A

Costophrenic angle

109
Q

What is the clinical significance of the costophrenic angle?

A

If there is an abnormal fluid collection in the pleural cavity (pleural effusion) blunting of this angle would be seen on CXR

110
Q

Name the numbered pleural layers and anatomical structures

A
  1. Cervical parietal pleura
  2. Costal parietal pleura
  3. Visceral pleura
  4. Costodiaphragmatic recess
  5. Costophrenic angle
  6. Diaphragmatic parietal pleura
  7. Mediastinal parietal pleura
  8. Mediastinum
111
Q

What is the root of the lung?

A

The structures that connect the lung to the mediastinum

112
Q

What structures are in the root of the lung?

A

Main bronchus

Pulmonary artery

2 pulmonary veins

Lymphatics

Visceral afferents

Sympathetic nerves

Parasympathetic nerves

113
Q

What is the name of the most inferolateral aspect of the superior lobe of the left lung?

A

Lingula

114
Q

Name the numbered structures

A
  1. Lung apices
  2. Horizontal fissure
  3. Superior/upper lobe
  4. Middle lobe
  5. Lingula
  6. Inferior/lower lobe
  7. Lung bases
  8. Oblique fissure
115
Q

What is the apex of the lung?

A

Most superior part of the lung

116
Q

What is the base of the lung?

A

Most inferior part of the lung

117
Q

Name the cause of the numbered surface markings on the lungs

A
  1. Azygous vein
  2. Superior vena cava
  3. Heart
  4. Inferior vena cava
  5. Diaphragm
  6. Ribs
  7. Root of the lung
118
Q

Name this structure and identify the numbered structures which form it

A

Root of the right lung

  1. Main bronchus
  2. Pulmonary arteries
  3. Lymph nodes (are black)
  4. Pulmonary veins
119
Q

What lung is this and how do you know this?

A

Right lung

The surface marking of the heart is less obvious that it is on the left lung

You can see the surface marking of the superior vena cava and azygous vein

120
Q

Which lung hilum is shown and how do you know this?

A

Right lung hilum

Two pulmonary arteries, the left lung hilum as only 1

121
Q

What lung hilum is this?

A

The left lung hilum

It has one pulmonary artery and the right lung hilum has 2

122
Q

What lung is this?

A

Left lung

Heart surface marking is very prominent and you can see the mark the aortic arch has made

123
Q

Name the structures responsible for the numbered surface markings

A
  1. Ribs
  2. Aorta
  3. Heart
  4. Diaphragm
124
Q

What is the difference between the medial surfaces of the left and right lungs?

A

The left lung has a more prominent cardiac surface marking compared to the right

The left lung has surface markings left by the aorta

The right lung has surface markings left by the vena cava and the azygous vein

125
Q

What is the difference between the hilum of the left and right lung?

A

The left lung has one pulmonary artery whereas the right lung has two pulmonary arteries

126
Q

Where are the lung apices?

A

Superior to the medial third of the clavicle

127
Q

Where is the middle lobe of the right lung?

A

Between ribs 4 and 6

128
Q

Which rib does the horizontal fissure of the right lung follow?

A

Rib 4

129
Q

Where are the oblique fissures?

A

Rib 6 and rise to T3 vertebral level posteriorly

130
Q

What vertebral level is the lung base on?

A

T11

Anatomy: Respiratory (3 decks)

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