Anatomy of Breathing Flashcards
1
Q
What components make up the upper respiratory tract?
A
Right and left nasal cavities
Oral cavity
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
2
Q
What components make up the lower respiratory tract?
A
Trachea
Right and left bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
3
Q
Which parts of the lower respiratory tract are in the lungs?
A
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
4
Q
At which spinal cord level does the larynx become the trachea?
A
C6
5
Q
At which spinal cord level does the pharynx become the oesophagus?
A
6
Q
What is the significance of C6 vertebral level in terms of the divisions of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts?
A
Larynx becomes trachea
Pharynx becomes oesophagus
At C6
7
Q
Where can the trachea be palpated?
A
Jugular notch of the manubrium
8
Q
Where is the isthmus of the thyroid gland in relation to the tracheal cartilages?
A
Anterior
9
Q
Which tracheal cartilages is the isthmus of the thyroid gland lie infront of?
A
Tracheal cartilages 2-4
10
Q
What is immediately superior and inferior to the thorax?
A
Superior - neck
Inferior - abdomen
11
Q
What makes up the thorax?
A
Chest walls
Chest cavity
12
Q
What is the function of the chest walls?
A
Protect the thoracic viscera
Make the movements of breathing
Lactation (in female breath tissue)
13
Q
What is the function of the chest cavity?
A
Houses viscera
Contains major vessels and nerves
14
Q
What two regions form the chest cavity?
A
Mediastinum and the right/left pleural cavities
15
Q
Describe lung development
A
A lung bud pushes from the mediastinum into a preformed layer of pleura
16
Q
What is the pleural cavity?
A
The space between the parietal and visceral pleura
17
Q
What is the difference between parietal and visceral pleura?
A
Parietal pluera is in contact with the chest wall
Visceral pleura is in contact with the lung itself
18
Q
Where does the reflection of pleura occur?
A
At the lung roots
19
Q
What do the pleural layers do?
A
Secrete pleural fluid which lubricates the plueral cavity and provides surface tension
20
Q
What is the function of pleural fluid?
A
Lubricates the pleural cavity and provides surface tension
21
Q
What is a lung lobe?
A
An area of lung which one lobar bronchi supplies with air
22
Q
What is a bronchopulmonary segment?
A
An area of lung that a segmentl bronchiole supplies with air
23
Q
How many bronchopulmonary segments are there?
A
20
Each lung has 10
24
Q
What bones form the thoracic skeleton?
A
12 pairs of ribs
Sternum
Clavicle
Scapula
12 thoracic vertebrae
25
How many lobes does the left lung have and what are they called?
2
Superior/upper lobe
Inferior/lower lobe
26
How many lobes does the right lung have and what are they called?
3
Superior/upper lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
27
How many lobar bronchi does the left lobe have?
2
28
How many lobar bronchi does the right lobe have?
3
29
What is a true rib?
A rib which articulates directly with the sternum via its costal cartilage
30
What is a false rib?
Ribs which articulate with the sternum indirectly via a shared costal cartilage
31
What is a floating rib?
A rib which doesn't articulate with the sternum
32
How many pairs of ribs do we have?
12
33
Which ribs are true ribs?
1-7
34
Which ribs are false ribs?
8-10
35
Which ribs are floating ribs?
11 and 12
36
37
What does the head of the rib do?
Articulates with the body of the vertebra
38
What does the rib tubercle do?
Articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra
39
What is the rib angle?
Location where the body/shaft subtely changes direction
40
What and where is the costal groove of a rib?
Small groove in on the body of the rib where the intercostal neurovascular bundle runs
Inferior on the deep surface
41
How does a rib articulate with the sternum?
Via its costal cartilage
42
How do you know which rib articulates with which thoracic vertebrae?
Rib 1 articulates with T1
Rib 2 articulates with T2
...
Rib 12 articultes with T12
43
Name the numbered structures/features on a rib
1. Costal groove
2. Rib angle
3. Body of the rib
4. Rib tubercle
5. Head of the rib
6. Neck of the rib
44
Which part of the rib articulates with the vertebrae, the thick or thin part?
The thin part (head of the rib)
45
Name the numbered joints
1. Sternocostal joint
2. Costochondral joint
3. Costovertebral joint
46
What is the general range of movement for the rib joints?
Limites movement
47
What is the name of the muscles which lie between the ribs and in the intercostal spaces?
Intercostal muscles
48
What are the 3 layers of intercostal muscle from superficial to deep?
External intercostal muscle (superficial)
Internal intercostal muscle
Innermost intercostal muscle (deep)
49
Where do the layers of intercostal muscles attach?
Between adjacent ribs
50
What does contraction of the intercostal muscles do?
Pulls the ribs outwards and upwards
51
What are the intercostal spaces?
The spaces between the ribs
52
How many intercostal spaces are there?
11
53
What runs in the intercostal spaces?
Intercostal neurovascular bundle
54
Between which layers does the intercostal neurovascular bundle run?
Between internal and innermost intercostal muscle
55
What innervates the intercostal spaces?
The anterior ramus of the correlating spinal nerve
Intercostal nerve
56
What supplies the posterior intercostal spaces with blood?
Posterior intercostal arteries arising from thoracic aorta
57
What drains the posterior intercostal spaces of blood?
Azygous vein
58
What supplies the anterior intercostal spaces with blood?
Branches of the internal thoracic arteries
59
What drains the anterior intercostal spaces of blood?
Internal thoracic vein
60
Where do the internal thoracic arteries run?
Course bilaterally down either side of the deep surface of the sternum
61
Where do the internal thoracic veins run?
Course bilaterally down either side of the deep surface of the sternum
62
Name the numbered structures
1. Vertebral column
2. Parietal pleura
3. Layers of intercostal muscle
4. Intercostal neurovascular bundle
5. Internal thoracic artery and vein
6. Sternum
7. Intercostal neurovascular bundle
63
Which surface of the thoracic aorta do the bronchial arteries come off?
Anterior
64
What do the bronchial arteries supply?
Lungs
65
What is the main muscle of respiration?
Diaphragm
66
What forms the floor of the chest cavity?
Diaphragm
67
What forms the roof of the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
68
How do structures pass from the chest cavity to the abdominal cavity?
Through openings in the diaphragm
69
What is the name of the opening in the diaphragm which the aorta passes through?
Aortic hiatus
70
What type of muscle is the diaphragm?
Skeletal
71
What forms the centre of the diaphragm?
A central tendon
72
What shape is the diaphragm?
Arranged as two domes
73
Which dome of the diaphragm is more superior and why?
Right dome is superior
Due to presence of liver beneath it
74
What are the muscular attachments of the diaphragm?
Attaches to the:
- sternum
- lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages
- L1-L3 vertebral bodies
75
What supplies the muscular part of the diaphragm?
The phrenic nerve (C3,4 and 5 anterior rami)
76
What is the phrenic nerve?
Combined anterior rami of C3, C4, C5
77
Where can the phrenic nerve be found in the neck?
Anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle
78
Where can the phrenic nerve be found in the thorax?
Over the lateral aspects of the heart
79
What does the phrenic nerve supply with motor fibres?
Diaphragm
80
What does the phrenic nerve supply with sensory fibres?
Diaphragm
Fibrous pericardium
81
What does contraction of the diaphragm do?
Flattens out its dome shape which increases the lung volume vertically
82
What are the basic mechanisms of inspiration?
Diaphragm contracts pulling the lungs down
Intercostal muscles contract pulling the lungs upwards and outwards
This increases the lung volume and therefore decreases lung pressure
Air flows into the low pressure of the lungs along its concentration gradient
83
What are the basic mechanisms of exhalation?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
The elastic tissue present in the lungs recoil restoring its normal shape
The reduced volume increases the lung pressure which expels air
84
What is the function of the elastic tissue in the lungs?
Allows the lung to recoil to its original shape on exhalation
85
Name the numbered structures
1. Right midclavicular line
2. Midline (sternal line)
3. Left midclavicular line
4. Anterior axillary line
5. Posterior axillary line
6. Midaxillary line
7. Axilla
8. Costal margin
86
What is the costal margin?
Line that runs along the anteroinferior border of the ribcage
87
What is the surface of the female breast divided into?
4 quadrants
(superolateral, superomedial, inferolateral, inferomedial)
88
What is the areola?
Ring of pigmented skin around a nipple
89
What is the axilliary tail of the female breast?
Extension of tissue which extends the the axilla
90
What must an examination of the female breast involve?
All 4 quadrants
Nipple
Areola
Axilliary tail
Regional lymphatics
91
Name the numbered structures
1. Pectoral fascia (deep fascia)
2. Pectoralis major
3. Pectoralis minor
4. Rib
5. Intercostal muscle
6. Parietal pleura
92
To what lymph nodes do the lateral quadrants of the breast drain to?
Axillary nodes
93
To what lymph nodes do the medial quadrants of the breast drain to?
Parasternal nodes
94
Name the numbered structures/landmarks
1. Jugular notch
2. Clavicle
3. Sternal angle
4. Xiphoid process
5. Costal margin
6. Right and left pectoralis major
95
What is the delto-pectoral groove?
Gap between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscle
96
What runs in the deltopectoral groove?
Cephalic vein
97
Name the numbered structures
1. Skin
2. Superficial fascia
3. Deep fascia
4. Intercostal nerves
5. Pectoralis major
6. Cephalic vein
7. Deltoid
8. Clavicle
98
Name the numbered structures
1. Pectoralis major
2. Long thoracic nerve
3. Latissimus dorsi
4. Serratus anterior
99
What causes 'winged scapula' and why does it cause this?
Paralysis of serratus anterior
This muscle connects the scapula to the rubs
100
What nerve supplies serratus anterior?
Long thoracic nerve
101
What can injury to the long thoracic nerve cause and why?
Winged scapula
Long thoracic nerve supplies serratis anterior which anchors scapula to the ribs
Paralysis of this muscle (due to long thoracic nerve damage) causes winged scapula
102
Where are the attatchments of pectoralis minor?
The coracoid process of the scapula
Ribs 3-5
103
Name the numbered structures
1. Ribs
2. Sternum
3. Intercostal muscles
4. Intercostal nerve
5. Anterior intercostal artery
6. Anterior intercostal vein
7. Right internal thoracic artery and vein
8. Right subclavian artery and vein
104
What does the anterior intercostal vein drain into?
The internal thoracic vein
105
What is the anterior intercostal artery a branch of?
Internal thoracic artery
106
What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?
Most inferior region of the pleural cavity
107
Where is the costodiaphragmatic recess?
Between the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and the costal parietal pleura
108
What is the most inferior region of the costodiaphragmatic recess called?
Costophrenic angle
109
What is the clinical significance of the costophrenic angle?
If there is an abnormal fluid collection in the pleural cavity (pleural effusion) blunting of this angle would be seen on CXR
110
Name the numbered pleural layers and anatomical structures
1. Cervical parietal pleura
2. Costal parietal pleura
3. Visceral pleura
4. Costodiaphragmatic recess
5. Costophrenic angle
6. Diaphragmatic parietal pleura
7. Mediastinal parietal pleura
8. Mediastinum
111
What is the root of the lung?
The structures that connect the lung to the mediastinum
112
What structures are in the root of the lung?
Main bronchus
Pulmonary artery
2 pulmonary veins
Lymphatics
Visceral afferents
Sympathetic nerves
Parasympathetic nerves
113
What is the name of the most inferolateral aspect of the superior lobe of the left lung?
Lingula
114
Name the numbered structures
1. Lung apices
2. Horizontal fissure
3. Superior/upper lobe
4. Middle lobe
5. Lingula
6. Inferior/lower lobe
7. Lung bases
8. Oblique fissure
115
What is the apex of the lung?
Most superior part of the lung
116
What is the base of the lung?
Most inferior part of the lung
117
Name the cause of the numbered surface markings on the lungs
1. Azygous vein
2. Superior vena cava
3. Heart
4. Inferior vena cava
5. Diaphragm
6. Ribs
7. Root of the lung
118
Name this structure and identify the numbered structures which form it
Root of the right lung
1. Main bronchus
2. Pulmonary arteries
3. Lymph nodes (are black)
4. Pulmonary veins
119
What lung is this and how do you know this?
Right lung
The surface marking of the heart is less obvious that it is on the left lung
You can see the surface marking of the superior vena cava and azygous vein
120
Which lung hilum is shown and how do you know this?
Right lung hilum
Two pulmonary arteries, the left lung hilum as only 1
121
What lung hilum is this?
The left lung hilum
It has one pulmonary artery and the right lung hilum has 2
122
What lung is this?
Left lung
Heart surface marking is very prominent and you can see the mark the aortic arch has made
123
Name the structures responsible for the numbered surface markings
1. Ribs
2. Aorta
3. Heart
4. Diaphragm
124
What is the difference between the medial surfaces of the left and right lungs?
The left lung has a more prominent cardiac surface marking compared to the right
The left lung has surface markings left by the aorta
The right lung has surface markings left by the vena cava and the azygous vein
125
What is the difference between the hilum of the left and right lung?
The left lung has one pulmonary artery whereas the right lung has two pulmonary arteries
126
Where are the lung apices?
Superior to the medial third of the clavicle
127
Where is the middle lobe of the right lung?
Between ribs 4 and 6
128
Which rib does the horizontal fissure of the right lung follow?
Rib 4
129
Where are the oblique fissures?
Rib 6 and rise to T3 vertebral level posteriorly
130
What vertebral level is the lung base on?
T11
