Anatomy of Breathing

Question 1

What does the URT consist of?

Answer 1

Right and left nasal cavities
Oral cavity
Naso-,oro-, and laryngo- pharynx
Larynx

Question 2

What does the LRT consist of?

Answer 2

Trachea
Right and left main bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronbhi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

Question 3

What changes take place at C6?

Answer 3

Larynx becomes trachea

Pharynx becomes oesophagus

Question 4

What are the parts of the thorax?

Answer 4

Thoracic wall

Thoracic cavity

Question 5

How many lobes does each lung contain?

Answer 5

Right - 3

Left - 2

Question 6

How many bronchopulmonary segments does each lung have?

Answer 6

10

Question 7

Describe the attachment of true, false and floating ribs

Answer 7

True ribs (1-7) - attach via their costal cartilage to the sternum
False ribs (8-10) - attach via their costal cartilage to above the sternum
Floating ribs (11 & 12) - no attachment to the sternum

Question 8

What does the rib tubercle articulate with?

Answer 8

The transverse process of its respective vertebra

Question 9

What does the head of a rib articulate with?

Answer 9

The body of its thoracic vertebra and that of the vertebra superiorly

Question 10

Describe the joints of the thoracic skeleton

Answer 10

Sternocostal joints - synovial joint between sternum and rib

Costochondral - junction between bone and cartilage

Question 11

Describe the nervous supply to intercostal spaces

Answer 11

Comes from the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve

Question 12

Describe the posterior blood supply to the intercostal spaces

Answer 12

Arterial supply from thoracic aorta

Venous drainage from azygous vein

Question 13

Describe the anterior blood supply to the intercostal spaces

Answer 13

Arterial supply from internal thoracic artery

Venous drainage from internal thoracic vein

Question 14

What are the phrenic nerves composed of?

Answer 14

Anterior rami of C3, C4 and C5

Question 15

What does the phrenic nerve supply?

Answer 15

Somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to diaphragm and fibrous pericardium
Somatic motor axons to diaphragm

Question 16

What are the mechanics of inspiration?

Answer 16

Diaphragm contracts and descends to increase vertical chest dimension
Intercostal muscles contract elevating ribs
Chest wall pulls the lungs outward and air flows into lungs

Question 17

What are the mechanics of expiration?

Answer 17

Diaphragm relaxes and rises, decreasing vertical thoracic dimension
Intercostal muscles relax lowering ribs
Elastic lung tissue recoils and air flows out of lungs

Question 18

Describe the lymph drainage of the breast

Answer 18

Lateral quadrants have lymph drained to axillary nodes

Medial quadrants are drained to parasternal nodes

Question 19

What is the attachment of the pectoralis major?

Answer 19

Attaches sternum to clavicle

Question 20

Where is the cephalic vein found?

Answer 20

In the delto-pectoral groove

Question 21

What causes a winged scapula?

Answer 21

Injury to the long thoracic nerve

Question 22

What structures pass through the lung root?

Answer 22

Main bronchus
Pulmonary artery
Two pulmonary veins
Lymphatics
Visceral afferent
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

Question 23

What separates the superior and inferior lobes?

Answer 23

Oblique fissure

Question 24

What separates the middle lobe from the superior lobe?

Answer 24

Horizontal fissure

Question 25

Where is the lung apex auscultated?

Answer 25

Superior to medial third of clavicle

Question 26

Where is the middle lobe auscultated?

Answer 26

Between ribs 4 and 6 in mid-clavicular and mid-axillary lines

Question 27

Where is the lung base auscultated?

Answer 27

In the scapular line at T11