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Immunity > Anatomy Of An Immune Response > Flashcards

Anatomy Of An Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

What is ‘inflammation’

A

A response to noxious conditions (infection and tissue injury).

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2
Q

What can inflammation be induced by?

A

Immune recognition of infection, that is hypersensitive to environmental components or autoimmune, or tissue damage.

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3
Q

What is a Leukocyte

A

Collective name of WBC

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4
Q

What is a Cytokine

A

A protein messenger that leukocytes use to communicate.

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5
Q

What is an Antigen

A

A molecule to which the immune system can respond

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6
Q

What is an ‘Epitope’

A

The specific ‘bit’ of the antigen which the immune system recognises

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7
Q

What is a Macrophage

A

A sentinel cell found in all tissues to protect against bacteria and fungi
- ‘big eaters’
- phagocytotic
- cytokine production

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8
Q

What is a neutrophil

A

A blood cell that rapidly responds to infection.
- phagocytotic
- highly motile

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9
Q

What is a B cell

A

A lymphocyte which produces antibody to kill extracellular pathogens.

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10
Q

What is a CD4 T cell

A

A helper lymphocyte which helps B cells produce antibody.

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11
Q

What is a CD8 T cell

A

Cytotoxic lymphocyte which helps kill virus infected cells

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12
Q

What is a mast cell

A

Sentinel cell found in epithelial tissues to protect against parasites.

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13
Q

Distinct Components of immune system

A
  • Evolutionary, spatially and temporally separate.
  • Evidence for distinct importance.
  • Effective defence against infection requires multiple avenues.
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14
Q

Immunological barriers - skin

A
  • stratum corneum
  • sweat (pH 6)
  • secretions (dermicidin)
  • fatty acids and normal flora
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15
Q

Immunological barriers- gut and airways

A
  • mucus
  • stomach acid (pH 2)
  • secretions (antibodies)
    -normal flora
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16
Q

IMMUNE RECEPTOR COMPARISON- pattern recognition receptors

A
  • Germline encoded
  • approx 50 different types
  • leukocytes co- express many different ones
  • recognise key pathogen components
17
Q

IMMUNE RECEPTOR COMPARISON- Lymphocyte receptors

A
  • random modular design during development
  • 10^7 different types
  • each lymphocyte has many copies of one receptor
  • can recognise almost anything
18
Q

Adaptive immune cells- lymphocytes- B cells

A

Develop in bone marrow and produce antibodies.
- secreted version of lymphocyte receptor
- binds to target antigen on pathogen

19
Q

Adaptive immune cells- lymphocyte- T cells

A

Develop in bone marrow BUT mature in thymus

20
Q

What are Dendritic cells

A
  • innate immune cell
  • derived from same blood monocyte precursor as macrophage
  • tissue resident phagocyte (sampling antigens in environment)
  • recognises pathogens using pattern recognition receptors
    -mature to the response of ‘danger’
21
Q

The Lymphoid system

A
  • drainage system from tissues
  • second circulatory system
  • lymph nodes and spleen
  • nexus points where dendritic cells meet B and T lymphocytes
22
Q

Lymphocyte activation

A
  • DONT react to purified antigens in solution alone
  • antigens must be processed and T cells require antigens to be presented correctly
23
Q

Lymphocyte activation - T cells

A

T- cells require antigens to be presented on a special scaffold on the surface of dendritic cells

Need to receive constant constimulation from mature dendritic cells

24
Q

Lymphocyte activation- B cells

A

Receive costimulation from T cells or pattern recognition receptors

25
Q

Clonal selection

A
  • first response to lymphocyte activation
  • system of regulation where only cells which recognise that infection are needed- driven to undergo mitosis
  • antigen driven, antigen specific proliferation
26
Q

CD4 helper T cells

A

‘Cytokine factories’ effective against extracellular pathogens

27
Q

CD8 cytotoxic T cells

A

‘Snipers’ effective against intracellular pathogens
- travel into infected tissue
- interrogate proteins the cells are making

28
Q

Th1 T cells

A

Produce cytokine which help phagocytes to be more effective

29
Q

Th2 T cells

A

Produce cytokines which help B cells make better antibodies

30
Q

Immune effector mechanisms - B cells’ antibodies

A

Opsonisation- improve phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages
Complement fixation - direct killing of pathogen by plasma proteins
Degranulation - release of performed vesicles

31
Q

Self- tolerance

A

Teaches what is ‘self’ allowing the adaptive immune system to recognise ‘non self’

Essential to prevent autoimmune disease

32
Q

Tolerance

A

Immunocompetent host fails to respond to an immunogenic challenge with a specific antigen

33
Q

Central tolerance

A

Occurs during lymphocyte development ( in bone marrow and thymus)

34
Q

Peripheral tolerance

A

Occurs in lymph nodes

Immunity (1 decks)

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