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Neuroanatomy > Anatomy - NS overview, SC, Neurons, > Flashcards

Anatomy - NS overview, SC, Neurons, Flashcards

1
Q

5 Primary Lobes & main function

A
  1. Frontal - M1, memory (immediate & STM), personality & emotion
  2. Parietal - sensory, speech (wernicke’s area)
  3. Occipital - vision
  4. Temporal - auditory & memory (facts & events/LTM)
  5. Limbic
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2
Q

Central Sulcus

A

divides the frontal & parietal lobe

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3
Q

Parietal-occiptal sulcus

A

divides parietal & occipital lobes

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4
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

divides the temporal & frontal lobe

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5
Q

Corpus callosum

A

main white fiber tracts that connect the R and L hemispheres

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6
Q

Cerebral aqueducts

A

CSF flow that helps cushion the brain

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7
Q

Falx cerebri and Tentorum cerebelli

A

Falx cerebri: dura mater projections that seperate the R/L hemispheres

Tentorum cerebelli: separates the occipital lobe from the cerebellum

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8
Q

Gyri vs. Sulci

A

Gyri - rounded elevations of the cerebral hemispheres

Sulci - grooves

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9
Q

Gray matter

A

cell bodies & terminal ends of axons that synapse w/ cell bodies that are not myelinated
–> located in horns of SC or outer part of cerebral cortex edge

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10
Q

White matter

A

myelinated axons

  • -> surrounds the horns in the SC
  • -> ALL axons travel through the internal capsule (which is why it is so detrimental if there is an injury here)
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11
Q

Four components of a Neuron

- functions

A
  1. Dendrite - finger like projections that RECEIVE information
  2. Axon - single projection from cell body that carries OUTPUT information to presynaptic terminal
  3. Presynaptic terminal - @ end of axon - it transmits info to other cells by RELEASING NT’s
  4. Soma - cell body - PRODUCES NT’s and other cellular functions
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12
Q

Bipolar vs. Multipolar neuron

-pseudounipolar - subclass

A

Groups of neurons classified by number of processes that directly arise from cell body

  1. Bipolar - two primary processes (dendritic root & axon)
    - Pseudounipolar: subclass of bipolar - single projection that splits into two axons (peripheral and central)
    * * Most sensory neurons are psuedounipolar
  2. Multipolar - multiple dendrites, single axon
    - MOST COMMON type
    - motor neurons, interneurons, Purkinje cells
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13
Q

Membrane Channels in neurons (2)

+3 subgroups

A
  1. Leak channel - diffusion of ions from HIGH to LOW concentration - no energy required
  2. Gated channels - open in response to stimulus and closed when removed - energy required
    - -> Ligand gated = open to due NT’s binding to receptor
    - -> Modality gated = open due to SENSORY info
    - -> Voltage gated = open due to ELECTRICAL potential
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14
Q

Resting Membrane Potentials of Neurons

- maintained by

A

-70 mV (no net flow of ions)

Maintained by: Na-K pump
3 Na OUT and 2 K IN - passive diffusion of these ions to keep at -70

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15
Q

Hyperpolarization vs. Depolarization

A

change in resting membrane potential

Hyperpolarization = inhibitory
- becomes more negative, lack of transmission or increased difficulty

Depolarization = excitatory
- less negative, transmission of info and NT released, can begin action potential

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16
Q

Local Potential

  • what is it
  • what produces it
  • how is it summed
A

initial change in membrane potential that only spreads a short distance
–> produced by ligand (NT) or modality (SENSORY) gated channels

Can be excitatory (EPSP) or inhibitory (IPSP)

Can be summed spatially (multiple neurons create potentials at the same time) or temporally (same neuron stimulating over time) to reach threshold for AP

17
Q

Action Potential

  • what is it
  • what happens
  • RMP restored by?
A

larger change in membrane potential (threshold stimulus change in 15mV) that travels along length of axons
–> produced by voltage gated channels which causes release of NT

“all or none response”
Na channels open causing Na to rapidly flow into cell (depolarization - less negative) –> Na channels close –> K channels open (hyperpolarization - more negative - causing refractory period)

RMP restored by leak channels & Na-K pump

18
Q

Neuronal Interactions

- convergence vs. divergence

A

Convergence - multiple inputs from several neurons terminating on a single neuron

Divergence - single neuron branching out and synapsing on multiple neurons

19
Q

Glial Cells - function

A

provide structure to the brain
transmit information
neural development
repair following brain damage and clean up debris

20
Q

Types of Glial cells (2)

A
  1. Macroglia
    - Astrocytes: structure, absorb NT’s, blood brain barrier, recovery from injury
    - Oligodendrycytes: produce myelin in CNS
    - Schwann cells: produce myelin in PNS
  2. Microglia
    - phagocytes: clean up debris (TBI, stroke)
21
Q

Neural Synaptic Transmission between pre and post synaptic terminals

A
  1. AP reaches pre-synaptic terminal
  2. Ca enters pre-synaptic terminal
  3. Vesicles move toward cleft to release
  4. Pre-syn terminal releases NT’s into cleft
  5. NT’s bind to receptors on post-synaptic terminal
  6. Ions enter post-synaptic terminal and AP is produced and info is transmitted
22
Q

Neurotransmitters

  • presynaptic influence
  • receptors (direct vs. indirect)
A

Presynaptic faciliation - increased NT’s
“” inhibition = decreased NT’s released

NT’s must bind to a receptor to have an effect!

  • DIRECT: ligand-gated channels (can produce local potentials)
  • INDIRECT: G-protein - indirectly opens ion channels or causes a cascade of intracellular events through a second messenger
23
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Important NT for muscle contraction in the PNS

24
Q

Glutamate

A

primary excitatory NT in CNS

25
Q

Glycine & GABA

A

GABA = gamma aminobutyric acid

primary inhibitory NT’s in CNS

26
Q

Dopamine

A

releases noreepineprhine, serotonin, histamine

27
Q

Peptides

A

important for pain perception and pain modulation

including Substance P, endorphins and enkephalins

28
Q

Neural Stem cells

  • what are they
  • where are they found
  • role
  • where can you obtain them besides the brain?
A

undifferentiated precursors to both neurons and glial cells

Found in:

  • subgranular zone of the hippocampus
  • subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle wall

ROLE:

  • healthy adult - form memories, learn new tasks
  • injury/disease - treat ALS, MS, TBI, stroke

Umbilical cord & bone marrow

These are important b/c mature neurons CANNOT reproduce

29
Q

Spinal Cord Anatomy Overview

  • ends?
  • special terms
A

Continuous w/ medulla (brainstem)

Ends @ L1-L2 IV space

filum terminale (connects the end of the cord to the coccyx)

Cauda equina - L2-S5 nerve roots @ end of SC

30
Q

Spinal Nerves Overview

  • how many
  • exit?
  • formed by?
A

31 pairs - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

C1-C7 exit ABOVE corresponding vertebra
C8 and below exit BELOW corresponding vertebra

formed by dorsal and ventral root

31
Q

Dorsal Horn

A

sensory information

  • endings of peripheral sensory neurons, interneurons and cell bodies of tracts
32
Q

Lateral Horn

A

preganglionic cell bodies of the SNS

Only located at T1-L2

33
Q

Ventral Horn

A

motor information

  • cell bodies of LMN (alpha motor neuron)
34
Q

Dorsal column

A

sensory tracts, specifically discriminative touch and proprioception

35
Q

Lateral column

A

sensory and motor tracts

36
Q

Anterior column

A

Motor tracts - specifically postural regulation

37
Q

Anterior white commisure

A

white fiber pathways that connect the L and R SC

Neuroanatomy (15 decks)

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