Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, embryology, Histology Flashcards
What artery would result in insufficient perfusion of the urinary bladder?
Internal Iliac ( Hypogastric artery) It is the smaller terminal branch of the common iliac artery. Supplies the pelvic walls, pelvic viscera, external genitalia, perineum, buttock and medial part of the thigh.
Insufficient perfusion
inadequate perfusion means decreased arterial blood flow to the extremities. Can be due to sudden embolic event obstructing arterial flow or chronic obstructive process leading to decreased arterial flow to extremities.
36 y/o female stomach ulcer. Along greater cuvature, 4cm away pyloric sphincter. ulcer perforates. Aintra abdominal bleeding. ulcer eroded stomach wall dmaged artery supplying involved region of stomach. Which artery likely involved?
Right gastroepiploic
Woman elevated prolactin. Gland responsible for secretion this horone is derived from what?
Rathke’s pouch
Rathke pouch, is also known as hypophyseal diverticulum, it is an ectodermal outpouching of the somodeum (primitive oral cavity lined by ectoderm) which forms at approximately 3-4 weeks gestation and goes on to form the adenohypophysis of the pituitary gland.
Adenohypophysis - Major organ of the endocrine system, the anterior pituitary. (also called the “adenohypophysis”).
Drive a FLAT PEG in the anterior pituitary.
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Prolactin
- Endorphins
- Growth hormone (GH)
FLAT are tropic hormones while the PEG are all direct hormones.

56 y/o, flu-like illness. nausea, vomiting, unilateral tingling in the leg. Headache involving the ye and forehead. Alert, fully oriented. Motor, sensory, gait, and coordination examinations are normal. Cranial nerve examination is normal, aside from the visual field disorder indicated.
Picture shows two circles indicating left eye and right eye. the left visual field in both eyes shows white, while the right visual field in both eyes is shaded in black.
the neurologic examination suggests an occlusion of which of the following vessels?
Left posterior cerebral artery
The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is one of a pair of arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the occiptal lobe, part of the back of the human brain. The two arteries originate from the distal end of the basilar arter, where it bifurcates into the left and right posterior cerebral arteries.
Bifurcates - divides into two branches of forks.

49 y/o man diagnosed tuberculosis. flocculent masses noted over lateral lumbar back and similar mass located in the ipsilateral groin. This pattern of involvement strongly suggests an abscess tracking along which of the following muscles?
Psoas Major
The psoas major is a lengthy fusiform (or spindle-shaped) muscle that is found on side of the lubar region of the vertebral column. Also adjacent to the brim of the lesser pelvis area. connects iliacus muscle to the iliopsosas. In some individuals the muscle is assisted by the psoas minor.
floccuent - resembling tufts of cotton or wool, denoting a fluid, numerous shreds of fluffy particles of gray-white or whit emucus.
Lateral - position farther from the median plane or midline of body.
ipsilateral - sitting on or affecting the same side

24 y/o stabbed in neck. neurologic examination reveals left-sided hemiparesis. Complete loss of discriminatory joint position and vibration sensation below C8 on the left side. On the right side, there is loss of pain and temp sensation below C8. It can be expected that an MRI of the cervical spinal cord will show which of the following findings?
A Hemisection of the left side of the cord.
Hemiparesis (or unilateral paresis) - is a weakness of one entire side of the body. (Hemi means half). Hemiplegia is in its most severe from complete paralysis of half of the body.
spinal hemi paraplegia is caused by damage to one half of the spinal cord. example, hemisection of the spinal cord resulting in paralysis and loss of proprioception.
C8 spinal nerve - C8 level corresponds to the region in which nerve roots exit the spine between th crvical spines C7 vertebra and the thoracic spines T1 vertebra. There is not a coresponding vertebra for C8. This nerve root is responsible for controlling muscles in the finger and hands.

2 y/o boy brought to pediatrician by his mother because he has had several episodes of rectal bleeding. evaluation with technetium-99m perfusion scan reveals a 3-cm ileal outpouching located 60cm from the ileocecal valve. This structure most likely contains which of the following types of ectopic tissue?
Gastric tissue
ileal outpouching - The ileum is the third and final part of the small intestine. It follows the jejunum and ends at the ileocecal junction where the terminal ileum communicates with the cecum of the large intestine through the ileocecal valve.
A 34 y/o man stab wound to superolateral aspect of the thoracic wall at the level of the third rib. Little bleeding and no difficulty breathing. The medial border of the scapula on the injured side pulls away from the body wall when the arm is raised. The arm cannot be abducted above the horizontal, which of the following muscles is paralyzed?
serratus anterior
A histologist is examing cells arrested at various stages of oogenesis. he discovers a follicle within the stroma of the ovary that has developed an antrum. This follicle would be classified as?
Secondary.
Antrum - A natural chamber or cavity in a bone or other anatomical structure.
Seconary follicle - secondary follicles look very similar to primary follicles, except that they are larger, there are more follicular cells, and there are small accumulations of fluid in the intracellular spaces called follicular fluid (nutritive fluid for the oocyte). These gradually coalesce to form an antrum.
Graffian Follicle - A fluid-filled structure in the mammalian ovary within which an ovum develops before ovulation.

54 y/o has cirrhosis, with obstruction of the portal circulation within the liver. Portal blood could still be conveyed to the caval system via which of the following?
Azygos and hemiazygos veins
The esophageal venous plexus, which drains into the azygos and hemiazygos veins within the thorax, has anastomoses with branches of the left gastric vein. Thus, following blockage of the portal vein, portal blood may enter the superior vena cava via the azygos system.
Anastomoses - Is the connection of two things that are normally diverging. Typically refers to a connection between blood vessels or between two loops of the intestine.

47 y/o presents neurologist with unsteady, broad-based gait and slow, slurred speech. Neurologic examination reveals dysdiadochokinesia, intention, tremor, hypotonia, and nystagmus. the patients lesion is in a brain structure that derives from which of the following embryonic structures?
Metencephalon
The patient has a cerebellar lesion. Cerebellar dysfunction can lead to a variety of motor dysfunctions, including truncal ataxia (appearin similar to the gait of an intoxicated individual). Intention tremor (uncontrolled shaking of affected extremity present only with purposeful movement).
Dysdiadochokinesia - the inability to perform rapid and regular alternating movements.
Dysmetria - Inability to stop movements at the desired point.
Dysarthria - ataxic speech
Hypotonia - decreased muscle tone. healthymuscles are never fully relaxed.
During the 4th week of embryonic development the anterior end of the neural tube develops three vesicles, the prosencephalon (forebrain), the mesencephalon (Midbrain) and the rhombencephalon (Hindbrain) By the 6th week five vesicles develop.
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Telencephalon.
The rhombencephalon has now developed into the metencephalon and the myelencehalon. The cerebellum and pons derive from the metencephalon.

47 y/o female history rheumatic fever. Examination significant for low-pitched, rumbling, diastolic murmur preceded by an opening snap. The affected valve can be best evaluated by auscultation at which of the following locations?
Left fifth intercostal space
This question tests two facts. First requires recognize patient has mitral stenosis. Classic clues to this diagnosis are low-pitched, rumbling, diastolic murmur, opening snap, and rheumatic fever. The mitral valve is the most commonly affected valve in rheumatic fever, followed by the aortic and tricuspid valves.
Question then asks you where sounds generated by a faulty mitral valve will be best heard on physical exam. The mitral valve is most audible over the left fifth intercostal space at the mid clavicular line.
Auscultation is a method used to listen to sounds of the body uring a physical examination

Newborn has abnormal accomodation of the lens. Further evaluation reveals an abnormal production of aqueous humor. A malformation of the structure responsible for these functions that is continuous posteriorly with the choroid might be due to abnormal development of?
Neuroectoderm of the optic cup
The optic cups derive from the optic vesicles, which are evaginations of the diencephalon. The anterior two layers of the optic cup (neuroectoderm), in association with choroidal mesoderm, give rise to the ciliary body and the iris. The optic cup also gives rise to the neural and pigment layers of the retina.
Retinal ganglion cells axons, run in the optic stalk, become the nerve fibers of the optic nerve. Closure of the choroid fissure in the optic stalk occurs during the seventh week of development. The former optic stalk is then called the optic nerve.
Mesoderm surrounding the optic cup becomes the sclera and choroid of the eye.
Mesoderm surrounding the optic stalk gives rise to the meninges surrounding the optic nerve.

Neuroscientist perform study requires him increase the concentration of norepinepinephrine in the cortex of an animal subject. Does so by electrically stimulating a nucleus in the brain. Which nuclei is most imortant source of noradrenergic innervation to the cerebral cortex?

Locus Caeruleus
Locus caeruleus is a dense collection of neuromelanin-containing cells in the rostral pons, near the lateral edge of the floor of the fourth ventricle. Appears blue-black in unstained brain tissue is where it gets its name which means “blue spot”. These cells, which contain norepinephrine, provide the majority of noradrenergic innervation to the forebrain, including the cerebral cortex.

A surgeon tells a medical student to tap the side of the face of a ptient who just had thyroid surgery. The surgeon is ost worried about damage to which of the following Vessels?

Superior and Inferior Thyroid Arteries
The surgeon has asked the student to test for tetany, which can occur if the blood supply to the parathyroid glands (through the superior and inferior thyroid arteries) is disrupted during thyroid surgery. Specifically the medical student is being asked to tap with his fingers the muscles of mastication, notably the masseter, which because of its strength is a sensitive indicator of tetany. Tetany will be seen as an abnormally strong jerk or contraction related to the hypocalcemia that can develop if scretion of parathyroid hormone is inadequate.

45 y/o abdominal pain that has progressively worseened since the previous night. Nausea and vomiting, but is afebrile. Upper gastrointestinal radiographic studies reveal that a loop of small intestine has pass through the epiploic foramen into the omental bursa and is contricted by the margins of the foramen as the intestine fills. The constriction should not be surgically relived by opening the epiploic foramen because this procedure woudl risk cutting the?

Hepatic Artery
The hepatic artery is one commponent of the portal triad: the hepatic artery, common bile dict, and the portal vein. These structures constitute the porta hepatis and lie in the free edge of the lesser omentum as it forms the epiploic foramen. Opening the epiploic foramen would therefore involve cutting the porta hepatis and, possibly, the hepatic artery and other components of the portal triad.

26 y/o stabbed left chest. several days later returns complaining of decreased function in his left arm. Examination reveals winged left scapula and an inability to raise his left arm above the horizontal which nerves is most likely affected?

Long Thoracic
The serratus anterior, innervated by the long thoracic nerve, is responsible for stabilization of the scapula during abduction of the arm from 90 to 180 degrees. When the long thoracic nerve is damaged, it is difficult to elevate the arm above the horizontal. This nerve arises from C5, 6 and 7. Remember: Winged scapula is a classic clue for long thoracic nerve injury.

Patient transported to the emergency department with a knife wound to the right fifth intercostal space at the midaxillary line. Which of the following structures is likely to have been damaged?

Liver
Any perforating wound occuring below the level of the fourth intercostal space on the right side may damage the liver, which is protected by the rib cage, although it is an abdominal organ lying inferior to the diaphragm.

where is the mid axillary line?

where is the midclavicular line

At what stage of embryonic development does an embryo normally begin to implant in the endometrium?
Blastocyst
After fertilization, the fertilized ovum begins to divide as it migrates through the uterine tube. It reaches the blastocyst stage (approximately 110 cells) at about day 5, and it enters the uterus at about day 6. Implantation normally begins on day 6 with the syncytiotrophoblast of the embryonic pole of the blastocyst eroding into the endometrium.

A newborn male is found to have urethral openings along the ventral surface of the penis. The physician explains to the parents that the bilateral structures that should have fused in the midline failed to fuse completely, and this resulted in the defect. The parents are very concerned, but the physician reassures them that this can easily be surgically corrected. Which of the following structures in a female normally develop from the same structures that failed to fuse in this boy?

Labia Minora
The urethral folds in the female to not fuse, and they develop into the labia minora. The space between the folds becomes the vestibule of the vagina. In the male, the urethral folds normally fuse to become the ventral surface of the penis. A failure of these folds to fuse normally in the male results in hypospadia, the presence of openings of the urethra along the ventral surface of the penis.

19 y/o falling on roller blades. 3cm laceration over the lateral aspect of the knee penetrating so deep that the head of the fibula is apparent. Radiograph negative for fractures. Noticeable foot-drop occurs while the patient walks. Inability to dorsiflex or evert the foot. What best explains her injury.
The common peroneal nerve was severed.
The common peroneal nerve wraps around the lateral aspect of the head of the fibula and is highly susceptible to damage during lacerations or blunt injuries to the lateral knee. Foot-drop with loss of dorsiflexion or eversion is characteristic.


















































































































