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Praxis > Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, and Physiology of the Speech Mechanism > Flashcards

Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, and Physiology of the Speech Mechanism Flashcards

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1
Q

Respiration

A

Exchange of gas between an organism and its environment that is made up of inhalation and exhalation.

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2
Q

Inhalation

A

Responsible for drawing air into the lungs, where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. Thoracic cavity expands to allow air flow inwards.

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3
Q

Process of Respiration

A

Upon inhalation the diaphragm lowers allowing for lung expansion. As the lungs expand though air flowing thought the nose and mouth the pressure within the lungs is less than compared to outside. Air moves thought the open larynx into the lungs equalizing the pressure. Muscles then contract and the diaphragm raises to reduce the volume of the chest cavity. The reduction in space causes a positive pressure (pressure in the lungs is greater than that in in the environment) and air flows out of the lungs thought the open larynx (atoms move from areas of high pressure/concentration to areas of low pressure/concentration.

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4
Q

Exhalation

A

The portion of breathing in which air exits the lungs due to increased pressure. Speech is typically produced upon exhalation. Exhalation during speech tends to be longer than during a silent/rest period. Longer utterances require a larger breath support for this reason.

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5
Q

Right Lung

A

Is shorter, broader, and bigger than the left lung because of the liver underneath it. This is why aspiration pneumonia is more common in the right lung.

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6
Q

Bronchi

A

Tubes that extend from the lungs upward to the trachea. They are comprised of cartilaginous rings bound together by fibroelastic tissue.

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7
Q

Bronchoiles

A

When bronchi subdivide. This happens many times until they become very thin. Communicate with alveolar ducts.

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8
Q

Alveolar Ducts

A

Tiny air sacs in the lungs.

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9
Q

Trachea

A

Located inferior of the larynx and extends from it at C-6. Is formed by about 20 rings of cartilage that are incomplete in the back. The superior ring of the trachea is connected to the inferior border to the cricoid cartilage. The trachea bifricates into the left and right bronci at T-5.

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10
Q

Spinal Colum

A

32-33 vertebrate that are divided into five segments. Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5) , cocygeal (3-4).

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11
Q

Rib Cage

A

Consists of 12 pairs of ribs and the thorasic vertebrate that house and protect the heart and lungs,

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12
Q

Muscles of Respiration

A

Includes the thorasic muscles of inspiration and the abdominal muscles of expiration.

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13
Q

Thoracic Muscles of Inspiration

A

Diaphragm, abdomen, intercostal muslces, sternocleidomastoid, trapexius, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, levator scapule, serratus posterior superior, levator costaurm brevis, levator costarum longis.

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14
Q

Diaphgram

A

Distends abdomen, enlargers vertical dimension of the thorax.

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15
Q

Abdomen

A

Contains various muscles needed to provide support for breathing.

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16
Q

erratus anterior, levator scapule, serratus posterior superior, levator costaurm brevis, levator costarum longis.

A

Muscles that help elevate the rib cage.

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17
Q

Interal Intercostal Muscles

A

Responsible for pulling the ribs downward do decrease size of the thoracic cavity.

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18
Q

External Intercostals

A

Responsible for raising the ribs up and out to increase the size of the thoracic cavity.

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19
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Neck muscle used in respiration to elevate the sterum and thus the rib cage.

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20
Q

Trapexius

A

Contracts the neck and elongates it, and indirectly influences respiration.

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21
Q

Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, and levator scapula.

A

Muscles of the shoulder or arm that act to move the rib cage and increase or decrease its size.

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22
Q

Abdominal Muscles of Expiration

A

Usually the same muscles used for inhalation. However, there are additional muscles such as latissmus dorsi, rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis, interal oblique abdominis, and quadratus lumborum.

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23
Q

Latissmus Dorsi

A

Stabilizes the posterior abdominal wall for exhalation.

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24
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

Flexes the vertebral column and important in forceful exhalation.

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25
Q

Transverse Abdominis

A

Compresses abdomen and ribs.

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26
Q

Internal Oblique Abdominis

A

Reduce volume in thoracic cavity.

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27
Q

Quadratus Lumborum

A

Supports abdominal wall compression, reducing thoracic cavity size.

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28
Q

Larynx

A

Lies superior to trachea in the anterior portion of the lungs.

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29
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

U shaped bone that is under the mandible. Superior bone of the larynx. olttis

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30
Q

Epilgiottis

A

A leaf shaped piece of cartilage medial to the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone. During swallowing epiglottis drops to cover the opening of the larynx.

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31
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

Forms anterior and lateral wall of the larynx and helps protect the larynx.

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32
Q

Cricoid Cartilage

A

Sometimes viewed as the upper most trachieal ring. Is linked with the thyroid cartilage and the arytenoid cartilages. It completely surrounds the trachea.

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33
Q

Arytenoid Cartilages

A

Small, pyramid shaped cartilages connected to the cricoid through the cricoarytenoid joins, permitting circular and sliding movements.

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34
Q

Corniculate Cartilages

A

Sit on the apex of the of the arytenoids. Assists in reducing the laryngeal opening when a person is swallowing. The are located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds. Help tense or stiffen the aryepiglottic folds.

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35
Q

Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

A

Responsible for controlling sounterd production. Include thyroarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, cricothyroid, and posterior cricoarytenoid.

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36
Q

Thyroarytenoid

A

Attached to thyroid and arytenoid cartilage. Is divided into two different muscle masses; internal and external.

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37
Q

Internal Thyroarytenoid

A

The primary portion of the thyroarytenoid that vibrates and produces sounds. Is vocalis muscle or vocal fold.

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38
Q

Adductor Muscles of the Larynx

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid. Responsible for bringing the vocal fold together.

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39
Q

Lateral Cricoarytenoid

A

Responsible for increasing medial compression.

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40
Q

Cricothyroid Muscle

A

Attached to crycoid and thyroid cartilages. Lengthens and tenses the vocal folds.

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41
Q

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Branch

A

Branch of cranial nerve x (vagus) that is responsible for all motor inervation of the inerarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles. It supplies all sesnory information below the vocal folds.

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42
Q

External Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve

A

Branch of cranial nerve x that is responsible for innervation of the cricothyroid muscle.

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43
Q

Glottis

A

A small opening created when the vocal folds are abducted.

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44
Q

Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

A

Responsible for supporting the larynx and fixing its position. Have one attachment to structure within the larynx and one to a structure outside of the larynx. Are all attached to the hyoid bone and raise of lower the position of the larynx within in the neck. Include elevators and depressors.

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45
Q

Elevators of Larynx/ Suprahyoid Muscles

A

Located superior to the hyoid bone. Primary function is elevation of the larynx. Digastic, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, hyoglossus, genioglossus.

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46
Q

Depressors of Larynx/ Infrahyoid Muscles

A

Located inferior to the hyoid bone. Primary function is depression of the larynx. Thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid.

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47
Q

Vocal Folds

A

Comprised of three layers. Epithelium, Lamina Propria, vocalis muslce.

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48
Q

Epithelium

A

Outer most layer of the vocal folds.

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49
Q

Lamina Propria

A

Middle layer of vocal folds that is comprised of three layers.

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50
Q

Vocalis Muscle

A

The body of the vocal fold that provides stability and muscle mass to the vocal folds.

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51
Q

Aryepiglottic Folds

A

Comprised of a ring of connective tissue and muscles extending from the arytenoids to the larynx. The separate the larynx from the pharynx and help preserve the airway.

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52
Q

Ventricular or False Vocal Folds

A

Vibrate at very low fundamental frequencies and are not usually used during phontation. Are compressed during activities such as coughing and lifting heavy items.

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53
Q

Myoelastic Areodynamic Theory

A

Vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds. The air flowing out of the lungs is temporarily stopped by the closed vocal folds. Pressure builds and the vocal folds are eventually forced apart and set into vibration. Air then forcefully move though the opening. This causes a decrease in pressure forcing the vocal folds back together. This occurs more than 100 times per second.

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54
Q

Bernoulli Effect

A

The increased speed of air passing though the vocal folds causes the sucking motion of the vocal folds toward one another. The supglottal air pressure builds up and sets the folds in motion.

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55
Q

Mucosal Wave Action

A

The epithelium and superficial lamina propria (Rinke’s space) and the transition (immediate and deep layers of the lamina propria) located over the vocalis muslce slide and produce a wave. This wave travel superiorly across surface of the vocal folds 2/3 of the way to the lateral edge of the fold. Without mucosal wave there is no vibration and no phonotation.

56
Q

Cortical Areas of the Brain

A

Area 4, area 44, area 3,1,2, area 6.

57
Q

Area 4

A

Primary motor cortex.

58
Q

Area 44

A

Broca’s area.

59
Q

Areas 3, 1, 2

A

Somatosensory cortex.

60
Q

Area 6

A

Supplementary motor cortex.

61
Q

Cerebellum

A

Responsible for coordination and regulation of motor movement.

62
Q

Cranial Nerve VII

A

Facial nerve. Responsible for inerveration of the posterior belly of the diastric muscle.

63
Q

Cranial Nerve X

A

The vagus nerve. Includes superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve.

64
Q

Internal branch of Superior Laryngeal Nerve

A

Provides sensory information to the larynx.

65
Q

Resonation

A

The process by which the voice or laryngeal tone is modified when some frequency components are dampened and others are enhanced. Resonators include the pharynx, nasal cavity, and oral cavity.

66
Q

Pharynx

A

Located superiorly and posteriorly to the larynx. Is modified in shape and size by the position of the tongue. and the larynx. Laryngo pharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx.

67
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

During production of nasal sounds the velum is relaxed and lowered, allowing for the air do resonate in both the oral and nasal cavity.

68
Q

Oral Resonance

A

Occurs when the velum is contracted and sound can only be shaped by the oral cavity.

69
Q

Source Filter Theory

A

The vocal tract is visualized as a series of linked tubes including the oral cavity, nasal cavity, and the pharynx. These linked tubes provide the variable resonating cavit that helps produce speech. Energy from the vibrating vocal folds is modified by the resonance characteristics of the vocal tract.

70
Q

Vowels and Resonance

A

Occur when the source is phonotation.

71
Q

Consonants and Resonance

A

Occur when sources include turbulence of friction or combinations of turbulence ans voicing.

72
Q

Articulation

A

The movements of speech structures to create speech sounds.

73
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Begins imediately superior to the larynx and ends at the base of the tongue. Adds resonance to sounds created by larynx.

74
Q

Oropharynx

A

Located superior to the laryngopharynx. Extends up to the soft palate and is connected to the nasopharynx. Adds resonance to sounds created by larynx.

75
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Superior most part of the pharynx. Ends where the two nasal cavities begin. Adds resonance to nasal sounds only.

76
Q

Pharyngeal Plexus

A

The joining of cranial nerves x and xi that supplies most of the upper pharyngeal musculature.

77
Q

Velum

A

Also called the soft palate. Located at the juncture of the oropharynx and nasopharynx. Located in the posterior portion of the oral cavity and hangs from the hard palate. It contains the uvula. Can be elevated or lowered.

78
Q

Uvula

A

The small, cone shaped structure at the tip of the velum.

79
Q

Velopharyngeal Closure

A

Occurs when the velum is raised and contracted and the muscles of the pharynx move inward to meet the muscles of the soft palate.

80
Q

Soft Palate Muscles

A

levatorveli palatini, tensor palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus

81
Q

Levator Veli Palatini

A

Elevates velum

82
Q

Tensor Palatini

A

Tenses velum, opens Eustachian tube.

83
Q

Palatoglossus

A

Elevates and depresses velum.

84
Q

Palatopharyngeus

A

Decreases size of pharyngeal cavity, lowers velum, may assist in elevating larynx

85
Q

Premaxilla

A

Front portion of the maxillary bone. Forms the hard palate, contains upper incisors.

86
Q

Palatine Process

A

Outer edges of the maxillary bone that forms the hard palate, fuses at the mid-line during fetal growth.

87
Q

Mandible

A

Lower jaws, forms mouth floor, and houses lower teeth. Is technically two bones joined at the chin.

88
Q

Temporomandibular Joint

A

Joint that attaches temporal bone of skull to mandible.

89
Q

Mandible and Speech

A

Houses lower teeth serving as framework for tongue and lower lip movement.

90
Q

Elevators of Mandible

A

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid.

91
Q

Masseter

A

Elevates mandible

92
Q

Temporalsis

A

Elevates and draws back mandible.

93
Q

Medial Pterygoid

A

Elevates mandible.

94
Q

Lateral Pterygoid

A

Protrudes mandible.

95
Q

Depressors of Mandible

A

anterior belly of digastric, poterior belly of digastric, genohyoid, mylohyoid.

96
Q

Anterior Belly of Digastric

A

Depresses madible, in conjunction with posterior digastric.

97
Q

Posterior Belly of Digastric

A

Depresses mandible with anterior, pulls hyoid back.

98
Q

Geniohyoid and Mylohyoid

A

Depresses mandible.

99
Q

Tongue Tip

A

Thinnest and most flexible part o the tongue, important for articulation.

100
Q

Tongue Blade

A

Portion of the tongue posterior to the tip, inferior to the alveolar ridge

101
Q

Tongue Dorsum

A

Largest part of the tongue that is intact with the hard and soft palate.

102
Q

Tongue Root

A

Back and bottom portion of the tongue.

103
Q

Lingual Frenulum

A

Tissue that stabilizes the tongue during movement and connects mandible to inferior portion of the tongue.

104
Q

Intrinsic Tongue Muscles

A

superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical.

105
Q

Superior Longitudinal Muscle

A

shortens tongue, turns tip upward, turns lateral margins upward.

106
Q

Inferior Longitudinal Muscle

A

shortens tongue, pulls tip downward, assists in retractions.

107
Q

Transverse Muscle

A

Narrows and elongates tongue.

108
Q

Vertical Muscle

A

Flattens tongue.

109
Q

Extrinsic Tongue Muscles

A

geniogossus, styloglossus, hypoglossus, chondroglossus, palatoglossus.

110
Q

Genioglossus

A

Bulk of tongue, retracts tongue downward, anteriorly protrudes timp, presses tip against alveolar ridge.

111
Q

Styloglossus

A

Moves tongue up and back, draws tongue upwards, makes dorsum concave.

112
Q

Hyglossus

A

Retracts and depresses tongue.

113
Q

Chondroglossus

A

Depresses tongue.

114
Q

Palatoglossus

A

Elevates tongue, depresses velum.

115
Q

Orbiculoris Oris

A

primary muscle of the lips.

116
Q

Buccinator

A

primary muscle of the cheeks

117
Q

Afferent (sesnory) Neurons

A

Neurons that carry sensory impulses to the brain.

118
Q

Efferent (motor) Neurons

A

Neurons that carry motor impulses away from the brain.

119
Q

Neurons are comprised of

A

cell body, dendrites, and axons.

120
Q

Dendrites

A

Short fibers found in neurons, extending from the cell body that are responsible for receiving neural transmissions from axons.

121
Q

Axon

A

Myelin sheath part of the neuron with terminals at the end. Is responsible for sending neural impulses away from the cell body.

122
Q

Neural Synapse/Synaptic Cleft

A

space between axon’s terminal end and cell dendrites

123
Q

Neural Transmitters

A

Chemicals used for communicating between neurons , are passed over the synaptic cleft.

124
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons that link to other neurons, are important in movement.

125
Q

Nervous System

A

Nerves organized by space, structure, and function.

126
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The nervous system comprised of brain and spinal cord.

127
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Nerves outside the skull and spinal column. Is responsible for carry sensory information from periperal organs and motor impulses from the brain to glands and muscles.

128
Q

Cranial Nerves Numonic

A

On old olympus’ top a finn and german viewed some hops.

129
Q

CN 1

A

Olfactory, sensory nerve for smell.

130
Q

CN 2

A

Optic, sensory nerve for sight.

131
Q

CN 3

A

Oculotmoter, motor nerve for sight.

132
Q

CN 4

A

Trocholear nerve. Motor nerve for eye movement.

133
Q

CN 6

A

Abducens, Motor nerve for eye movement.

134
Q

Cranial Nerves for Speech and Language

A

5, 7-12

135
Q

CN 5

A

Trigeminal. Mixed nerve for facial sensory and motor for innervation of the jaw muscles. Damage may cause inability to close mouth, difficulty chewing, and trigeminal neuralgia.

136
Q

CN 7

A

Facial nerve. Mixed, sensory for taste sensation on anterior 2/3 of tongue. Motor for facial muscles and facial expression and lip closure. Damage results in mask like facial expression.

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