Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy Muscles > Anatomy Muscles 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy Muscles 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Bulbospongiosus anterior attachment (male)

A

Contralateral bulbospongiosus muscle at the midline raphe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bulbospongiosus posterior attachment

A

Perineal body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bulbospongiosus action (male)

A

Compress the bulb of the penis to expel urine or semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bulbospongiosus innervation

A

Deep branch of the perineal n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ischiocavernosus anterior attachment (male)

A

crus of the penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ischiocavernosus posterior attachment

A

ischial tuberosity and ischiopubic ramus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ischiocavernosus action (male)

A

Forces blood from the crus of the penis into the distal part of the corpus cavernosum penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ischiocavernosus innervation

A

Deep branch of the perineal n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Superficial transverse perineal anterior attachment

A

Perineal body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Superficial transverse perineal posterior attachment

A

Ischial tuberosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Superficial transverse perineal action

A

Provides support to the perineal body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Superficial transverse perineal innervation

A

Perineal n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Deep traverse perineal anterior attachment

A

perineal body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Deep transverse perineal posterior attachment

A

ischial tubersotiy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Deep transverse perineal action

A

provides support to the perineal body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Deep transverse perineal innervation

A

Perineal n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

External urethral sphincter anterior attachment

A

Attaches to itself around the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

External urethral sphincter posterior attachment

A

Attaches to itself around the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

External urethral sphincter action

A

compresses the membranous urethra and stops the flow of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

External urethral sphincter innervation

A

Deep branch of the perineal n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bulbospongiosus Anterior attachment (female)

A

Corpus cavernosum clitoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bulbospongiosus action (female)

A

compress the bulb of the clitoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ischiocavernosus anterior attachment (female)

A

crus of the clitoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ischiocavernosus action (female)

A

foces blood from the crus of the clitoris into the distal part of the corpus cavernosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Pectineus proximal attachment

A

Pecten pubis and superior ramus of the pubis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Pectineus distal attachment

A

Pectineal line of the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Pectineus action

A

adducts the thigh, hip flexion, assists in medial rotation of hip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pectineus innervation

A

Femoral n and obturator n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Illiopsoas distal attachment

A

lesser troachanter of the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Illiopsoas action

A

flexes the thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Sartorius proximal attachment

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Sartorius distal attachment

A

medial surface of the proximal tibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Sartorius action

A

flexes and lateral rotates the thigh, flexes and medially rotates the leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Illiopsoas innervation

A

femoral n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Sartorius innervation

A

femoral n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Tensor fasciae lata proximal attachment

A

anterior superior iliac spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Tensor fasciae lata distal attachment

A

Iliotibial tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Tensor fasciae lata action

A

Abducts, medially rotates, and flexes the thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Tensor fasciae lata innervation

A

Superior gluteal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Rectus femoris proximal attachment

A

Anterior inferior iliac spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Rectus femoris distal attachment

A

tibial tuberosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Rectus femoris action

A

flexes the thigh and extends the leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Rectus femoris innervation

A

femoral n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Vastus medialis proximal attachment

A

Medial lip of the linea aspera and intertrochanteric line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Vastus medialis distal attachment

A

Tibial tuberosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Vastus medialis action

A

Extends the leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Vastus medialis innervation

A

Femoral n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Vastus lateralis proximal attachment

A

Lateral lip of the linea aspera and greater trochanter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Vastus lateralis distal attachment

A

Tibial tuberosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Vastus lateralis action

A

Extends the leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Vastus lateralis innervation

A

Femoral n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Vastus intermedius proximal attachment

A

anterior and lateral surfaces of the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Vastus intermedius distal attachment

A

tibial tuberosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Vastus intermedius action

A

Extends the leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Vastus intermedius innervation

A

Femoral n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Gracilis proximal attachment

A

Body of pubis and inferior pubic ramus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Gracilis distal attachment

A

Superior part of medial surface of tibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Gracilis action

A

Adducts the thigh; flexes and internally rotates the leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Gracilis innervation

A

Obturator n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Adductor longus proximal attachment

A

Body of pubis inferior to pubic crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Adductor longus distal attachments

A

Middle third of linea aspera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Adductor longus actions

A

Adducts the thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Adductor longus innervation

A

Obturator n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Adductor brevis proximal attachment

A

body of pubis and inferior pubic ramus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Adductor brevis distal attachment

A

pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Adductor brevis action

A

Adducts the thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Adductor brevis innervation

A

Obturator n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Adductor magnus proximal attachment

A

Ischiopubic ramus and ischial tuberostiy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Adductor magnus distal action

A

adducts and extends the thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Adductor magnus innervation

A

Obturator n (adductor part), tibial division of the sciatic n (hamstring part)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Obturator externus proximal attachment

A

External margins of obturator foramen and obturator membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Obturator externus distal attachments

A

Trochanteric fossa of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Obturator externus actions

A

Laterally rotates the thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Obturator externus innervation

A

Obturator n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Gluteus maximus distal attachment

A

Illiotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Gluteus maximus action

A

extends and laterally rotates the thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Gluteus maximus innervation

A

Inferior gluteal n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Gluteus medius proximal attachment

A

external surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines and gluteal fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Gluteus medius distal attachment

A

Lateral surface of greater trochanter of the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Gluteus medius action

A

Abducts and medially rotates the thigh, keeps contralateral side from sagging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Gluteus medius innervation

A

Superior gluteal n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Gluteus minimus proximal attachment

A

Lateral surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Gluteus minimus distal attachment

A

Anterior surface of greater trochanter of the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Gluteus minimus action

A

Abducts and medially rotates thigh, keeps contralateral side from sagging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Gluteus minimus innervation

A

Superior gluteal n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Tensor of fasciae lata proximal attachment

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Tensor of fasciae lata distal attachment

A

Illiotibial tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Tensor of fasciae lata action

A

abducts, medially rotates and flexes the thigh

89
Q

Tensor of fasciae lata innervation

A

Superior gluteal n

90
Q

Piriformis proximal attachment

A

Anterior surface of the sacrum

91
Q

Piriformis distal attachment

A

Greater troachanter of the femur

92
Q

Piriformis action

A

Laterally rotates the extended thigh, abducts the flexed thigh

93
Q

Piriformis innervation

A

Anterior rami of S1 and S2

94
Q

Obturator internus proximal attachment

A

internal margin of the obturator foramen and inner surface of the obturator membrane

95
Q

Obturator internus distal attachment

A

Greater trochanter of the femur

96
Q

Obturator internus actions

A

Laterally rotates the extended thigh, abducts the flexed thigh

97
Q

Obturator internus innervation

A

Nerve to obturator internus

98
Q

Superior gemellus proximal attachment

A

Ischial spine

99
Q

Superior gemellus distal attachment

A

Greater trochanter of the femur and obturator internus tendon

100
Q

Superior gemellus action

A

Laterally rotates the extended thigh, abducts the flexed thigh

101
Q

Superior gemellus innervation

A

Nerve to obturator internus

102
Q

Inferior gemellus proximal attachment

A

ischial tuberosity

103
Q

Inferior gemellus distal attachment

A

greater trochanter of the femur and obturator internus tendon

104
Q

Inferior gemellus action

A

Laterally rotates the extended thigh, abducts the flexed thigh

105
Q

Inferior gemellus innervation

A

Nerve to quadratus femoris

106
Q

Quadratus femoris proximal attachment

A

Ischial tuberosity

107
Q

Quadratus femoris distal attachment

A

Quadrate tubercle

108
Q

Quadratus femoris action

A

Laterally roates the thigh

109
Q

Quadratus femoris innervation

A

Nerve to quadratus femoris

110
Q

Biceps femoris proximal attachment

A

ischial tuberosity (long head), lateral lip of the linea aspera of femur (short head)

111
Q

Biceps femoris action

A

Extends the thigh (only long head) and flexes the leg

112
Q

Bicep femoris innervation

A

Tibial division of the sciatic n (long head) and common fibular division of the sciatic n (short head)

113
Q

Semitendinosus proximal attachments

A

Ischial tuberosity

114
Q

Semitendinosus distal attachments

A

Medial surface of the superior part of the tibia

115
Q

Semitendinosus action

A

Extends the thigh and flexes and medially rotates the leg

116
Q

Semitendinosus innervation

A

Tibial division of the sciatic n

117
Q

Semimembranosus proximal attachment

A

Ischial tuberosity

118
Q

Semimembanosus distal attachment

A

Posterior part of the medial condyle of the tibia

119
Q

Semimembranosus action

A

extends the thigh and flexes and medially rotates the thigh

120
Q

Semimembranosus innervation

A

tibial division of the sciatic n

121
Q

Popliteus proximal attachment

A

Lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus

122
Q

Popliteus distal attachment

A

Posterior surface of tibia superior to soleal line

123
Q

Popliteus action

A

Unlocks fully extended leg, weak flexor of leg

124
Q

Popliteus innervation

125
Q

Gastrocnemius proximal attachment

A

superior to the lateral and medial femoral condyles

126
Q

Gastrocnemius distal attachment

A

posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

127
Q

Gastrocnemius action

A

Plantarflexes the foot and flexes the knee

128
Q

Gastrocnemius innervation

129
Q

Plantaris proximal attachment

A

Lateral supracondylar line of the femur

130
Q

Plantaris distal attachment

A

posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

131
Q

Plantaris action

A

Plantarflexes the foot and flexes the knee

132
Q

Plantaris innervation

133
Q

Soleus proximal attachment

A

soleal line of the tibia and head of the fibula

134
Q

Soleus distal attachment

A

posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

135
Q

Soleus actions

A

Plantarflexes the foot

136
Q

Soleus innervation

137
Q

Tibialis posterior proximal attachment

A

Tibia, fibula, and interosseus membrane

138
Q

Tibialis posterior distal action

A

inverts and plantarflexes the foot

139
Q

Tibialis posterior innervation

140
Q

Flexor digitorum longus proximal attachment

A

Medial part of posterior surface of tibia inferior to the soleal line

141
Q

Flexor digitorum longus distal attachment

A

bases of the distal phalanges of the lateral four toes

142
Q

Flexor digitorum longus innervation

143
Q

Flexor hallucis longus proximal attachment

A

inferior two thirds of the fibula and interosseous membrane

144
Q

Flexor hallucis longus distal attachment

A

base of the distal phalanx of the great toe

145
Q

Flexor hallucis longus actions

A

flexes the great toe and plantarflexes the foot

146
Q

Flexor hallucis longus innervation

147
Q

Fibularis longus proximal attachments

A

head and superior two-thirds of lateral surface of fibula

148
Q

Fibularis longus distal attachments

A

base of first metatarsal and medial cuneiform

149
Q

Fibularis longus actions

A

Evert and plantarflex the foot

150
Q

Fibularis longus innervation

A

Superficial fibular n

151
Q

Fibularis brevis proximal attachment

A

inferior two thirds of lateral surface of fibula

152
Q

Fibularis brevis distal attachment

A

Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone

153
Q

Fibularis brevis actions

A

Everts and plantarflexes the foot

154
Q

Fibularis brevis innervation

A

Superficial fibular n.

155
Q

Tibialis anterior proximal attachments

A

Lateral condyle and superior half of lateral surface of tibia

156
Q

Tibialis anterior distal attachments

A

Base of first metatarsal and medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform

157
Q

Tibialis anterior actions

A

Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot

158
Q

Tibialis anterior innervation

A

Deep fibular n

159
Q

Extensor hallucis longus proximal attachment

A

middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane

160
Q

Extensor hallucis longus distal attachment

A

dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe

161
Q

Extensor hallucis longus actions

A

extends great toe and dorsiflexes foot

162
Q

Extensor hallucis longus innervation

A

Deep fibular n

163
Q

Extensor digitorum longus proximal attachments

A

lateraly condyle of tibia and superior three-fourths of anterior surface of interosseous membrane

164
Q

Extensor digitorum longus distal attachments

A

extensor expansion to distal phalanges of lateral four digits

165
Q

Extensor digitorum longus actions

A

extends lateral four digits and dorsiflexes foot

166
Q

Extensor digitorum longus innervation

A

deep fibular n

167
Q

Fibularis tertius proximal attachments

A

inferior third of anterior surface of fibular and interosseous membrane

168
Q

Fibularis tertius distal attachments

A

dorsum of base of fifth metatarsal

169
Q

Fibularis tertius actions

A

dorsiflexes and everts foot

170
Q

Fibularis tertius innervation

A

Deep fibular n

171
Q

Extensor digitorum brevis proximal attachments

A

calcaneus, floor of tarsal sinus

172
Q

Extensor digitorum brevis distal attachments

A

extensor expansions of digits 2-5

173
Q

Extensor digitorum brevis actions

A

extends digits

174
Q

Extensor digitorum brevis innervation

A

deep fibular n

175
Q

Extensor hallucis brevis proximal attachments

A

calcaneus, floor of the tarsal sinus

176
Q

Extensor hallucis brevis distal attachments

A

extensor expansion of digit 1

177
Q

Extensor hallucis brevis action

A

extends great toe

178
Q

Extensor hallucis brevis innervation

A

deep fibular n

179
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis proximal attachments

A

calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis

180
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis distal attachments

A

middle phalanges of the lateral four toes

181
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis action

A

Flexes toes 2-5

182
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis innervation

A

medial plantar n

183
Q

Abductor hallucis proximal attachments

A

medial process of tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, and plantar aponeurosis

184
Q

Abductor hallucis distal attachments

A

medial side of base of proximal phalanx of first digit

185
Q

Abductor hallucis action

A

Abducts and flexes first digit

186
Q

Abductor hallucis innervation

A

medial plantar n

187
Q

Abductor digiti minimi proximal attachments

A

medial and lateral processes of tuberosity of calcaneous, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa

188
Q

Abductor digiti minimi distal attachments

A

lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of fifth digit

189
Q

Abductor digiti minimi actions

A

abducts and flexes fifth digit

190
Q

Abductor digiti minimi innervation

A

lateral plantar n

191
Q

Quadratus plantae proximal attachments

A

medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneus

192
Q

Quadratus plantae distal attachments

A

Posterolateral margin of tendon of flexor digitorum longus

193
Q

Quadratus plantae action

A

flexes lateral four digits

194
Q

Quadratus plantae innervation

A

lateral plantar n

195
Q

Lumbricals proximal attachments

A

tendons of flexor digitorum longus

196
Q

Lumbricals distal attachments

A

medial aspect of extensor expansion of lateral four digits

197
Q

Lumbricals actions

A

Flexes proximal phalanges and extends middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-4

198
Q

Lumbricals innervation

A

Medial plantar n (first), lateral plantar n (2-4)

199
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis proximal attachment

A

plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms

200
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis distal attachment

A

both sides of base of proximal phalanx of first digit

201
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis action

A

Flexes proximal phalanx of first digit

202
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis innervation

A

medial plantar n

203
Q

Adductor hallucis proximal attachments

A

bases of metatarsals 2-4 (oblique head), plantar ligaments of MTP (transverse head)

204
Q

Adductor hallucis distal attachments

A

lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of first digit

205
Q

Adductor hallucis actions

A

adducts first digit

206
Q

Adductor hallucis innervation

A

deep branch of lateral plantar n

207
Q

Flexor digit minimi proximal attachments

A

base of fifth metatarsal

208
Q

Flexor digiti minimi distal attachments

A

base of proximal phalanx of fifth digit

209
Q

Flexor digiti minimi actions

A

flexes proximal phalanx of fifth digit

210
Q

Flexor digiti minimi innervation

A

superficial branch of lateral plantar n

211
Q

Plantar interossei proximal attachments

A

plantar surface of metatarsals 3-5

212
Q

Plantar interossei distal attachments

A

medial sides of bases of phalanges of digits 3-5

213
Q

Plantar interossei actions

A

adducts digits 3-5 and flexes metatarsophalangeal joint

214
Q

Plantar interossei innervation

A

lateral plantar n

215
Q

Dorsal interossei proximal attachment

A

Adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-5

216
Q

Dorsal interossei distal attachment

A

Medial side of proximal phalanx of second digit (first), lateral sides of proximal phalanx of digits 2-4 (second to forth)

217
Q

Dorsal interossei actions

A

abducts digits 2-4 and flexes metatarsophalangeal joints

218
Q

Dorsal interossei innervation

A

lateral plantar n

Anatomy Muscles (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions