Anatomy mix 1

Question 1

Papillary muscles -

Answer 1

Found in the ventricles

These are the muscles that pull on the chordae tendineae (heart strings)

Question 2

Pectinate muscles -

Answer 2

Mainly in RA (sparse in LA). Have no contribution to atrial mechanical activity, but they stretch and improve the voluminous nature of RA. The pectinate muscle folds act as RA volume reserve during adverse loading conditions - helping the RA dilate with out much wall stress

Question 3

Fossa ovalis -

Answer 3

Remnant of Foramen Ovale (allows blood flow from the RA directly to the LA in the foetus)

Question 4

Trabeculae carnae -

Answer 4

axially arranged strands of cardiac tissue present in RV and LV - prevents suction that would occur on flat surface during ventricular contraction by giving irregular surface, also have similar function to papillary muscle as their contraction pulls on chordae tendinae

Question 5

Chordae tendineae (AKA: heart strings) -

Answer 5

These are the tendons that are pulled by the contraction of the papillary muscles and prevent the AV valves from prolapsing back into the atria during ventricular systole

Question 6

Ligamentum arteriosum -

Answer 6

Remnant of Ductus Arteriosus which is also vital in the foetal circulation and allows blood from the RV to bypass the lungs and enter the Aortic circulation directly

Question 7

Branches of ascending aorta

Answer 7

Left coronary artery and right coronary artery and continues as the aortic arch

Question 8

Relations of the spleen

Answer 8

Ant/Lat - Ribs 9-11
Ant/Med - Stomach
Post - Left diaphragm
Infer/Med - Left Kidney
Inf - Splenic flexture of the colon

Question 9

What is a ligament inside the abdominal cavity defined as?

Answer 9

A double fold of peritoneum extending from one organ to another

Question 10

Ligaments of the spleen

Answer 10

Splenorenal ligament - Tail of the pancreas, splenic artery and vein

Gastrosplenic ligament - Short gastric + left gastroepiploic vessels

Question 11

Organs supplied by the splenic artery

Answer 11

Pancreas, stomach, spleen and transverse colon (omental branches anastamose with the middle colic)

1. Pancreatic branches (dorsal, transverse and greater pancreatic arteries)
2. Left gastro-epiploic artery
3. Short gastric arteries (runs in gastrosplenic ligament)

Question 12

Care to avoid damage to during a splenectomy

Answer 12

Tail of the pancrease

Question 13

Describe course of splenic artery

Answer 13

The splenic artery arises from the coeliac trunk just inferior to the left gastric artery

• Passing left from the coeliac axis posterior to the stomach
• Across the left crus of diaphragm and left psoas muscle.
• Towards the spleen, along the superior margin of the pancreas
• It is a tortuous artery, running superior to the pancreas before turning forward into the splenorenal ligament to the hilum of the spleen.

The splenic vein accompanies it inferoposteriorly.

https://teachmeanatomy.info/abdomen/vasculature/arteries/coeliac-trunk/#:~:text=The%20splenic%20artery%20arises%20from,contained%20within%20the%20splenorenal%20ligament.

Question 14

Surface markings of the gallbladder

Answer 14

• Around the top of 9th rib

- at the intersection of the lateral border of the right rectus abdominis and the costal margin

Question 15

Referred pain to shoulder tip

Answer 15

• Irritated peritoneal cavity
• Phrenic nerve C3/C4
• Supraclavicular nerves also C3/C4

Question 16

Structure at C3

Answer 16

Hyoid Bone

https://radiopaedia.org/articles/vertebral-levels-anatomical-landmarks?lang=gb

Question 17

Structure at C4

Answer 17

bifurcation of common carotid artery

thyroid cartilage

https://radiopaedia.org/articles/vertebral-levels-anatomical-landmarks?lang=gb

Question 18

Structure at C6

Answer 18

1. Cricoid cartilage
2. Trachea begins (end of larynx)
3. Oesophagus begins (end of pharynx)

Question 19

Explain parts of C2

Answer 19

Odontoid process
The pedicles are broad and strong, especially in the front, where they coalesce with the sides of the body and the root of the odontoid process. They are covered above by the superior articular surfaces.

The laminae are thick and strong. They play a large role in the stability of the cervical spine alongside the laminae of C7.[2]

The vertebral foramen is large, but smaller than the atlas.

The transverse processes are very small, and each ends in a single tubercle. Each process is perforated by the transverse foramen, which is directed obliquely upward and laterally.

The superior articular surfaces are round, slightly convex, directed upward and laterally, and are supported on the body, pedicles, and transverse processes.

The inferior articular surfaces have the same direction as those of the other cervical vertebrae.

The superior vertebral notches are very shallow, and lie behind the articular processes. The inferior vertebral notches lie in front of the articular processes, as in the other cervical vertebrae.

The spinous process is large, very strong, deeply channelled on its under surface, and presents a bifurcated extremity.

Question 20

Talk through an open mouth view of an xray

Answer 20

https://www.radiologymasterclass.co.uk/tutorials/musculoskeletal/x-ray_trauma_spinal/x-ray_c-spine_normal

Pg 343 of Radiology textbook

Question 21

C7 prominent

Answer 21

• the largest and most inferior vertebra of the cervical region of the spine
• large spinous process that protrudes posteriorly and can be felt prominently on palpation
  https: //boneandspine.com/vertebra-prominens/#:~:text=Vertebra%20prominens%20is%20the%20common,be%20felt%20prominently%20on%20palpation.

Question 22

Ondontoid ligaments

Answer 22

Held in place behind – the transverse ligament of the atlas (to inner tubercles)

Held in place above by two strong ligaments – the alar ligaments – lateral margins of foramen magnum – limits rotation

Apical ligament – anterior margin of foramen magnum (blends with superior crus of transverse ligament and deep portion of atlantooccpital membrane).