Anatomy Midterms Flashcards
What is the digestive tract?
An 8-10 m tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus.
What are the main components of the digestive tract?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus.
What are the digestive organs associated with the digestive tract?
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
What are the layers of the digestive tract organs from the inside out?
Tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis, tunica adventitia (serosa).
What is the oral cavity also known as?
Cavitas Oris.
What is the oral vestibule?
The space located between the teeth-gums and lip-cheek.
What glands discharge their secretions into the vestibulum oris?
Parotid gland, buccal glands, labial glands.
What is the parotid gland?
The largest salivary gland located on either side of the mouth, in front of both ears.
What is the function of the parotid gland?
It secretes serous saliva to aid in mastication, swallowing, and initial digestion of starches.
What is the retromolar triangle?
A triangular area of bone just behind the mandibular third molars.
What are the parts of the lip?
Philtrum, commissura labiorum, angulus oris, sulcus nasolabialis, sulcus mentolabialis.
What is Stenon’s canal?
The drainage canal of the parotid gland that opens at the level of the upper second molar tooth.
What is the function of the buccinator muscle?
It holds the cheek to the teeth and assists with chewing.
What are the types of teeth?
Deciduous teeth (20) and permanent teeth (32).
What are the components of deciduous teeth?
2 incisors, 1 canine tooth, 2 molars.
What are the components of permanent teeth?
2 incisors, 1 canine tooth, 2 premolars, 3 molars.
What is the palate?
The roof of the oral cavity divided into hard palate and soft palate.
What muscles make up the soft palate?
Levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, uvula, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus.
What is the function of the tongue?
It receives the sense of taste, aids in speech, chewing, sucking, and swallowing.
What are the intrinsic tongue muscles?
Longitudinalis superior, longitudinalis inferior, transversus lingua, verticalis lingua.
What are the extrinsic tongue muscles?
Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus.
What is the fauces?
The space between the oral cavity and pharynx.
What is Waldeyer’s lymphatic circle?
They participate in body defense by surrounding the respiratory and digestive tracts.
What is the pharynx?
The throat; a passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx.
What is the nasopharynx?
The part of the pharynx located between the base of the skull and the soft palate.
What is the oropharynx?
The part of the pharynx between the soft palate and the hyoid bone.
What is the laryngopharynx?
The third division of the pharynx shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems.
What is the esophagus?
A muscular tube that moves ingested food to the stomach.
What are the parts of the stomach?
Pars cardiaca, fundus gastricus, corpus gastricum, pars pylorica, pylorus.
What is the small intestine?
The longest part of the digestive tract consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
What is the large intestine?
It extends from the end of the ileum to the anus, approximately 1.5 meters long.
What is the caecum?
A pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines.
What are the functions of the liver?
Acts as both an exocrine and endocrine gland, stores vitamins, produces urea, removes drugs and bilirubin.
What is the porta hepatis?
The central area of the liver where the portal vein, common duct, and hepatic artery enter.
What is the gallbladder?
A pear-shaped organ that stores and concentrates bile secreted by the liver.
What is the pancreas?
Regulates blood sugar levels and produces insulin.
What is ductus pancreaticus?
Wirsung’s duct.
What is the circulatory system?
The circulatory system sends blood to all parts of the body.
What are the main components of the circulatory system?
Heart (cor), arteries (arteria=a.), veins (vena=v.), capillaries (vascapillare).
What are arteries?
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, usually carrying oxygenated blood and having a pulse.
What are arterioles?
Small vessels that receive blood from the arteries.
What are capillaries?
The smallest vessels through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body.
What is circulation?
The return of blood to the heart after leaving the heart and dispersing throughout the body.
What is arterial circulation?
Movement of blood through the arteries.
What is venous circulation?
Movement of blood through the veins.
What are ventricles?
Lower chambers of the heart.
What is pulmonary circulation?
Venous blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, then through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs for oxygenation.
What is systemic circulation?
The part of the circulatory system that delivers blood to all body organs and returns oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium through the veins.
What is portal circulation?
Blood flow from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and other digestive organs to the liver and then to the heart.
How much blood do adults have?
Adults have 5 liters of blood, which is 6-8% of body weight.
What is the distribution of blood in the circulatory system?
84% in systemic circulation, 9% in pulmonary circulation, and 7% in the heart.
What is the role of the lymphatic system?
It consists of lymph vessels and lymphatic tissue and is closely related to the blood circulation system.
What is the heart?
A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body, beating about 100,000 times a day and pumping around 3800 liters of blood.
What are the chambers of the heart?
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
What does the right atrium do?
Receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus.
What does the left atrium do?
Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps it into systemic circulation.
What does the right ventricle do?
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
What does the left ventricle do?
Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
What are the wall structures of the heart?
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.
What is the pericardium?
A membranous sac enclosing the heart.
What is the heart’s conduction system?
Sinoatrial node to the atrioventricular node to the bundle of His to the Purkinje fibers.
What is the sinoatrial node?
Located on the inner side of the superior vena cava, it acts as the heart’s pacemaker, initiating heart contractions 60-80 times per minute in adults.
What is the atrioventricular node?
Located in the interatrial septum, near the opening of the coronary sinus, it generates 40-60 impulses per minute.
What is the fasciculus atrioventricularis?
Starting from the AV node, it splits into two branches at the interventricular septum and sends thin fibers called Purkinje fibers to the heart muscles.
What are elastic arteries?
Found closer to the heart, these vessels stretch as blood is pumped into them and recoil when the ventricles relax.
What are muscular arteries?
These vessels carry blood from elastic arteries to arterioles and are also called blood-distributing arteries.
What are the arteries of the heart?
- A. coronaria cordis dextra: Supplies the anterior surfaces of the right atrium and ventricle. 2. A. coronaria cordis sinistra: Supplies the anterior surfaces of the left atrium and both ventricles. 3. Sinus coronarius: Carries up to 60% of the venous blood in the heart. 4. V. cordis anterior: Drains the anterior aspect of the right ventricle.
What is the innervation of the heart?
- Sympathetic (truncus sympathicus) - Parasympathetic (n. vagus & medulla oblongata)
What are veins?
Blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood from the tissue back to the heart.
What is peripheral circulation?
Blood outside the central circulation refers to blood that is in peripheral vessels, separate from the heart and major arteries.
What are the great vessels of the heart?
Superior and inferior vena cava, Aorta, Pulmonary arteries, Pulmonary veins, Pulmonary trunk.
What are the parts of the aorta in the thoracic cavity?
- Aorta ascendens (Ascending aorta) 2. Arcus aorta (Aortic arch) 3. Aorta descendens (Descending aorta) divided into thoracic and abdominal aorta.
What are the branches of the arch of the aorta?
Brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery.
What does the carotis communis divide into?
The carotis communis divides into the carotis externa and carotis interna at the level of the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage.
What is the function of the glomus caroticum?
When the oxygen (O2) level in the blood decreases, it increases breathing and heart rate.
What does the a.carotis externa nourish?
Nourishes the outer surface of the head and neck.
What are the branches of the external carotid artery?
- A. thyroidea superior - A. lingualis - A. facialis - A. pharyngea ascendens - A. occipitalis - A. auricularis posterior - A. temporalis superficialis - A. maxillaris
Where does the vertebral artery start?
Starts at the C6 vertebra and ascends through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae.
What is the subclavian artery?
It leaves the thoracic cavity along the upper surface of the first rib.
What is the axillar artery?
A. subclavia turns into A. axillaris after passing under the clavicle.
What is the brachial artery?
A. axillaris turns into A. brachialis after the teres major.
What is the arteria radialis?
It extends distally on the forearm between the m. brachioradialis and m. pronator teres.
What is the arteria ulnaris?
It is the thick terminal branch of the A. brachialis.
What is the respiratory system?
A system of organs functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment.
What are the main organs of the respiratory system?
Nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
What is the volume of a fully filled lung?
6500 cm^3.
How much air is inhaled and exhaled in an adult male?
500 cm³.
What is the normal breathing rate?
15-20 times per minute.
What are the two parts of respiration?
External respiration and internal respiration.
What occurs during external respiration?
Oxygen passes into the blood, and carbon dioxide in the blood passes to the lungs and is expelled.
What occurs during internal respiration?
Oxygen in the blood passes to the tissues, and carbon dioxide from the tissues enters the blood.
What are the organs that make up the respiratory system?
Nose (Nasus), Mouth (Oris), Pharynx (Pharynx), Throat (Larynx), Windpipe (Trachea), Lung (Pulmo).
What are the two systems of the respiratory organs?
Upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract.
What organs are included in the upper respiratory tract?
Nose (Nasus), Mouth (Oris), Sinus Paranasales, Pharynx (Pharynx), Throat (Larynx).
What organs are included in the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea, Lung (Pulmo), Bronchus, Bronchiolus, Alveolus Pulmonis.
What is the function of the nose?
Air purification, humidification, heating, and sense of smell.
What are the components of the external nose?
Radix nasi, Dorsum nasi, Apex nasi, Alae nasi, Nares.
What is the nasal cavity?
Located within and posterior to the nose, extending from the Nares to the choana.
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
Lighten the skull, give resonance to voice, contribute to heat exchange of inhaled air, and produce mucus.
What are the types of paranasal sinuses?
Cellulae ethmoidalis, sinus sphenoidalis, sinus maxillaris, sinus frontalis.
What is the pharynx?
A musculo-facial half-cylinder that connects the oral and nasal cavities to the larynx and esophagus.
What is Waldeyer’s lymphatic circle?
A ring of lymphoid tissue in the throat made up of tonsils and adenoids that help fight infection.
What is the larynx?
The voice box that produces sound and contains vocal cords.
What are the large cartilages of the larynx?
Cartilago cricoidea, cartilago thyroidea, cartilago epiglottica.
What is the Adam’s Apple?
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx, more prominent in men.
What is the trachea?
A tube 2.5 cm wide and 10-12 cm long, composed of flexible cartilage rings.
What is the function of the trachea?
Expands during inspiration and contracts during expiration.
What are the components of bronchial branching?
Trachea, primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole.
What is the pleura?
A thin layer of tissue covering the lungs and lining the chest cavity.
What are the parts of the pleura?
Pleura visceralis (above the lung) and pleura parietalis (upper surface of diaphragm).
What is the mediastinum?
The space between the lungs.
What is the diaphragm?
A large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that aids in breathing.
What structures pass through the diaphragm?
Foramen venae cavae (T8), hiatus oesophageus (T10), hiatus aorticus (T12).
What happens during normal respiration?
Inspiration occurs by contracting the diaphragm, increasing thorax volume and decreasing intrathoracic pressure.
What muscles are primarily responsible for deep breathing?
Diaphragm and external intercostals.
What is forced respiration?
Inspiration involves all deep breathing muscles lifting the ribs; expiration is active.
What are the respiratory muscles?
Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, serratus anterior, intercostales, transversus thoracis, diaphragm.
