Anatomy Midterm White Box Info Flashcards
Sagittal planes passes _______ to the median plane
Parallel
Can you wiggle your ears?
Everyone has a muscle for this, but if it isn’t used, the muscle gets weak
What does “deltoid“ mean?
“Shaped like a triangle”
Pulmonary arterial circulation (blue) is what type of blood?
Deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary venous circulation (red) is what type of blood?
Oxygenated blood
Fenestrations and junctions allow what?
Exchange between blood and cells
Where is the supracristal plane?
(High points of iliac crests) and crossing L4 spinous process, L4/L5 intervertebral disc
What is a good way to remember the vertebral arch?
Think of the vertebral arch as a house, where pedicles are the walls and the laminae form the roof
The foramen transversarium transmits what?
Vertebral arteries traveling up to the head
The triangular large vertebral foramen in the cervical region, accommodates what?
The cervical enlargement of the spinal cord
What is the zygapophyseal (facet) joint articulate facet orientation in the cervical region?
In between the frontal and horizontal planes
What is another name for C-spine odontoid peg view?
“Open mouth view”
Each thoracic vertebra has ____ joint surfaces, making motion in this region ______
12, restricted
Zygapophyseal (facet) joint facet orientation in the thoracic region is where?
In the frontal plane
Zygapophyseal (facet) joint facet orientation in the lumbar region is where? And what does this permit?
In the sagittal plane
Permits mainly flexion/extension and minimal rotation
What is another name for the articular surface on the sacrum? Why?
Auricular surface, because it resembles an ear
Where does “ala” on the sacrum get its name from?
Latin for “wing”
Named for its wing-like shape
Tears in the annulus fibrosus allow for what?
herniation of nucleus pulposus out unto the spinal cord (and displaced posterior longitudinal ligament as a result of the disc herniation)
What is the water content in a posterior disc herniation at birth and 60 y/o?
gel-like nucleus pulposus contains 80% water at birth and less than 70% by age 60
What does the triangle of auscultation allow for? Why?
respiratory sounds to be heard clearly
bc of thinning of back musculature
What is a pt asked to do to help reveal the triangle of auscultation?
fold the arms across chest and flex forward
Testing trapezius function is a quick way to assess what? What do you have the pt do?
assess the integrity of cranial nerve XI (accessory)
ask pt to shrug shoulders and test muscle strength
asymmetry indicates a potential lesion of CN XI
What can be a root cause of lumbar lordosis?
psoas muscle tightness (typically psoas major)
What does the transversospinalis group provide?
increased stabilization to the spinal cord
Which muscle group is important for posture?
erector spinae group
What limits hyperextension of the spine?
anterior longitudinal ligament
What limits hyperflexion of the spine?
posterior longitudinal ligament
Name this ligament:
thin ligament that runs the length of the vertebral column
posterior longitudinal ligament
What does the ligamentum flavum of the vertebrae do?
connect adjacent laminae
T/F:
spinal nerves exit above corresponding vertebrae in the cervical region and below in thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions
TRUE
What is the function of GSA (general sensory afferent)?
discriminative touch, proprioception, and pain and temp from the skin, joints, and muscles (somatic)
What is the function of GVA (general visceral afferent)?
sensation from the viscera (visceral)
What is the function of GVE (general visceral efferent)?
motor to viscera (visceral)
What is the function of GSE (general somatic efferent)?
motor to skeletal muscles (somatic)
Spinal ganglion houses what?
cell bodies for somatic and autonomic sensory neurons
Filum terminale (pia) anchors what?
spinal cord inferiorly to the coccyx
Lining the spinal canal and helping anchor the spinal cord laterally are _______ pairs of denticulate ligaments
20-22
Periosteal and equatorial branches arise from _______ ________ arteries to supply the vertebral column
segmental spinal
When performing a lumbar puncture, the needle should be inserted below the level at which the spinal cord ends. What is this place called?
conus medullaris
What can be palpated in the anatomical snuff box?
scaphoid bone and the radial styloid process
What prevents upward displacement of humeral head?
coracohumeral ligament
What vein runs laterally in the deltopectoral groove and drains into the proximal axillary vein?
cephalic vein
What is a common site for venipuncture?
median cubital vein
What vein runs medially, pierces brachial fascia, and joins the brachial vein to form the axillary vein?
basilic vein
Which lymph nodes are the first to receive lymph from the upper limb?
humeral (lateral) axillary lymph nodes
Where will any infection (lymphangitis) first drain to?
humeral (lateral) axillary lymph nodes
Which nodes receive lymph from the breast and are commonly biopsied when breast carcinoma is present?
pectoral nodes (pectoral axillary lymph nodes)
Axillary artery is divided into 3 parts that correspond to the position of _________ ________ muscle
pectoralis minor
Inferior border of _______ ________ marks the transition from axillary to brachial arteries
teres major
In the male, the nipple is a reliable landmark for the _____ intercostal space. Owning to variable amounts of adipose in the female breast, this relationship does not always exist
4th
The circumflex scapular artery travels in which space?
triangular space
Thumb abduction and adduction occur in the ______ plane when standing in anatomical position
sagittal
Thumb extension and flexion occur in the_______ plane when standing in anatomical position
frontal (coronal)
What does VAN stand for?
vein, artery, nerve
What is a reliable surface landmark for the 6th intercostal space in females?
inferior mammillary fold
Where does the lactiferous duct drain into?
lactiferous sinus
What does the fat of a breast contain?
hormone-sensitive loose connective tissue
25% of lymph from breast travels medially to what nodes?
parasternal nodes
75% of lymph from breast travels laterally to what nodes? What other nodes are here?
axillary nodes
axillary nodes contain:
1) central (deep within the axilla) nodes
2) humeral (lateral) nodes
3) subscapular (posterior) nodes
4) pectoral (anterior) nodes
5) apical nodes
What is a common site for fluid accumulation in thoracic cavity?
costodiaphragmatic recess
Right lung has _____ bronchopulmonary segments
10
Left lung has _____ bronchopulmonary segments
8
Where does the vagus nerve travel in the thoracic region?
posterior to the bronchi
Right primary bronchus is ____ and _____ than the left pulmonary bronchus
wider and shorter
Left primary bronchus is ______ and ______ than the right primary bronchus
narrow and longer
Pulmonary vessels that are arteries are _____ which carry deoxygenated blood, and veins are ______ which carry oxygenated blood
blue, red
Bronchial arteries arise from where? What do they follow?
thoracic aorta or aortic intercostal branches
they follow segmental bronchi to supply lung parenchyma and root structure
Right bronchomediastinal lymph trunk drains into……
right lympathic duct
Left bronchomediastinal lymph trunk drains into…..
thoracic duct
What distinguishes a bronchus from a bronchiole?
hyaline cartilage
(bronchus has hyaline cartilage)
Right and left brachiocephalic veins join to form the _________, which drains into the right atrium of the heart
superior vena cava (SVC)
Phrenic nerve passes _______ to the root of the lung
anterior
(this is for both right and left!)
Arch of the aorta begins and ends at the….
sternal angle
R/L brachiocephalic veins drain into where?
SVC
Trachea bifurcates at the…..
sternal angle
The lymphatic duct travels between the….
esophagus and left vagus nerve
Where does the intercostal neurovascular bundles travel between?
the innermost and internal intercostal muscles
Foramen ovale allows what to bypass the lungs?
blood
Ductus arteriosus allows what to bypass the lungs?
blood
Ductus venosus allows blood to bypass what organ?
liver
________ arteries carry fetal blood to the placenta to pick up more oxygen
umbilical
Umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from _______ to _________
placenta to fetus
To keep the order of atrioventricular valves straight, remember the saying “TRY before you BUY” because __________ valve comes before ________ valve in the sequence of blood flow through the heart
tricuspid, bicuspid
What is an external feature that marks the level of the intervertebral disc between L3 and L4 in non-obese individuals
umbilicus
To remember fiber direction for ________ ________, think of putting your hands in front pockets
external obliques
Cutaneous nerves travel between the…..
internal oblique and transversus abdominis
Internal oblique fibers are _______ to external oblique fibers
perpendicular
At the parietal peritoneum of the abdomen, transition of all 3 lateral abdominal wall aponeuroses into the anterior rectus sheath allows for what?
entry of interior epigastric vessels posterior to rectus abdominis
At the parietal peritoneum of the abdomen, transition of all 3 lateral abdominal wall aponeuroses into the anterior rectus sheath allows for entry of interior epigastric vessels posterior to rectus abdominis. This also sets up a weakness where? Potential site for what?
weakness in the anterior abdominal wall
potential site for a direct inguinal hernia
Abdominal musculature is derived from what?
myotomes in the trunk region, specifically the anterior (ventral) hypomere
Abdominal musculature is innervated segmentally by….
anterior rami
What is the lateral boundary of inguinal triangle (IT)
inferior epigastric vessels
What is an important landmark for inguinal hernias?
inferior epigastric vessels
Located midway along the inguinal ligament, just lateral to inferior epigastric vessels is the…
approx. site of deep inguinal ring
What is made by the fusion of internal oblique and transversus abdominis?
conjoint tendon
What is an example of an intraperitoneal organ?
stomach
What is the stomach suspended by?
the lesser and greater omentum (visceral peritoneum)
What are 2 examples of retroperitoneal organs?
pancreas and part of the duodenum
What is a common site of fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity?
rectouterine pouch
Visceral peritoneum covers abdominal organs in varying degrees, making them either ________ or __________
intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal
Parietal peritoneum lines what?
inner surface of abdominal wall
What contains the portal triad (portal vein, proper hepatic artery, and common bile duct)?
lesser omentum
What is the portal triad?
portal vein, proper hepatic artery, and common bile duct
What acts as the “abdominal policeman” by adhering to and walling off areas of inflammation?
greater omentum
Name this artery:
anastomoses with left colic artery by way of the marginal artery at the left colic (splenic) flexure
middle colic artery
Name this artery:
anastomoses with middle colic artery from superior mesenteric artery
marginal artery
What provides most of the blood supply to the inferior diaphragm?
inferior phrenic arteries
What provides most of the blood supply to the posterior abdominal wall?
lumbar arteries
Unlike most veins, the ______ vein lacks competent valves to ensure proper direction of blood flow
portal
Small sac-like structure collects lymph just inferior to the diaphragm before draining into thoracic duct. What is this called?
cysterna chyli
Efferent vessels from lumbar and intestinal nodes converge to form lumbar and intestinal lymphatic trunks, respectively, before draining into the _________
cisterna chyli
What are the general parasympathetic rules regarding vagal trunks?
long preganglionic fibers may travel through prevertebral ganglia before synapsing in or close to the wall of the viscera. Short preganglionic neurons are located in the visceral walls
What are the general sympathetic rules regarding thoracic splanchnic nerves?
long preganglionic fibers synapse in prevertebral ganglia. Short postganglionic fibers ride the vasculature out to the viscera
Gastric ridges have mucosal folds in the stomach that are….
longitudinal
Remnant of fetal ductus venosus, which shunts maternal blood past fetal liver. What is this called?
ligamentum venosum
What is the derivative of ventral mesentery?
falciform ligament
Remnant of fetal umbilical vein, which carries maternal blood from placenta. What is this called?
ligamentum teres hepatis
What joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the hepatic portal vein?
splenic vein
Small intestine folds span the entire lumen. What is this called?
valvulae conniventes
What does “recta” mean in vasa recta of the small intestine?
recta means straight
What is an easy way to remember the relationship between the ureter and gonadal vessels?
“water under the bridge”
water representing the ureter and the vessels are the bridge
