Anatomy Midterm (Slides 1-158) Flashcards
There are a total of __ vertebrae but only __ of them are moveable
There are a total of 33 vertebrae but only 24 of them are moveable
Fill in the blanks: cervical spine (_ vertebrae) thoracic spine (\_\_ vertebrae) lumbar spine (_ vertebrae) sacrum (_ fused vertebrae) coccyx (_ fused vertebrae)
cervical spine (7 vertebrae) thoracic spine (12 vertebrae) lumbar spine (5 vertebrae) sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) coccyx (4 fused vertebrae)
T/F: Each vertebra is numbered from top to bottom.
True
What is the key function of intervertebral discs?
Weight-bearing
T/F: There is no intervertebral disc between C1 and C2
True
Each Intervertebral disc has a fibrous outer layer called the _______ ______.
Annulus fibrosis
The annulus of an intervertebral disc surrounds the inner substance which is called the ________ _______.
Nucleus pulposus
Are the intervertebral discs innervated? Are they vascularized?
They are aneural, except in the peripheral 1/3rd.
They are avascular.
Are the following spinal segments lordotic or kyphotic? cervical thoracic lumbar sacral
cervical (lordotic)
thoracic (kyphotic)
lumbar (lordotic)
sacral (kyphotic)
The ________ and _______ curves are termed primary (bc they develop during the fetal period)
The thoracic and sacral curves.
The ________ and _______ are termed secondary (bc they develop when the infant starts lifting their head and walking).
The cervical and lumbar curves.
Large, heavy anterior part of the vertebra.
Vertebral body
Vertebral bodies get _______ as you progress inferiorly.
Larger
The part of the vertebra that encloses the vertebral foramen.
Vertebral arch
The arch is formed anteriorly by 2 ______s.
Pedicles
The pedicles project __________ from both sides of the __________ part of the vertebral body
They project posteriorly from both sides of the superior part of the vertebral body.
As the pedicles project posteriorly, they meet 2 ________.
Laminae
The laminae meet posteriorly to form a _______ ________.
Spinous process
A total of _ articular processes arise from the arch of each vertebra.
4
What is the a.k.a. for zygapophysial joints
Articular joints
This is the area between the superior and inferior articular processes (the most common fracture site)
Pars articularis
The vertebral notches of 2 adjacent vertebrae form an almost complete ring called the _________ _______.
Intervertebral foramen
Upper cervical spine: C_-_
Lower cervical spine: C_-_
Upper cervical spine: C 1-2
Lower cervical spine: C 3-7
The C1 vertebra has an articular facet for the ____ of C2.
Dens
The TVPs of C1 are projections from the _______ ______.
Lateral masses
The __________ _________ of C1 allows passage of the vertebral artery.
Transverse foramen allows passage of the vertebral artery.
T/F: C1 has no vertebral body but it has bifid SPs.
False, it has no vertebral body and no SPs.
What is the a.k.a. for the the odontoid process?
The Dens
C_-C_ SPs are bifid
C2-C6 SPs
Which vertebra is aka Vertebra Prominens?
C7
Upward bony projections on the posterolateral rims of the C-spine vertebral bodies.
Uncinate processes
What is an aka for the uncovertebral joints of the C-Spine?
Joints of Lushka
The uncovertebral joints provide stability in the C-Spine preventing excessive ________ translation
Lateral
On C6 the anterior tubercle is called the _______ tubercle.
Carotid tubercle
The largest vertebra is ___.
L5
A horizontal line drawn between the tops of the iliac crests landmarks ___ SP
L4
The top part of the sacrum, the WIDEST part, is called the _____.
Base
The pointed inferior edge of the sacrum.
The Apex
The part of the sacrum that articulates with L5.
Lumbosacral articular surface
The ‘wings’ of the sacrum.
Ala (pl. alae)
The pelvic surface of the sacrum is _________, the dorsal surface is ________.
Pelvic surface is concave, dorsal surface is convex
What type of joint is the lumbosacral joint?
Cartilaginous (with IVD)
What motion do the iliolumbar ligaments limit?
Lateral flexion.
The apex of the sacrum articulates with the base of the coccyx to form which joint?
The sacrococcygeal joint.
What type of joint are the Sacroiliac (SI) joints?
Synovial
These ligaments lie just anterior (deep) to the posterior SI ligaments.
Interosseous Sacroiliac ligaments
the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments are accessory ligaments to the __ joints
SI joints
The SPs of thoracic vertebra point ________ and _________.
Inferior and posterior
What is an aka for the sternal notch? On which bone is it located?
The jugular notch on the manubrium
On either side of the jugular notch is an articular facet where the manubrium articulates with the _______.
Clavicle
AKA for the body of the sternum.
The gladiolus
AKA for the manubriosternal joint.
Angle of Louis (or sternal angle)
The manubriosternal joint is a landmark for which rib?
Rib 2
Along the side of the gladiolus are costal notches for the articulation of ________ __________.
Costal cartilage
The thin process inferior to the body of the sternum.
Xiphoid process
Ribs __-__ are called ‘true’ ribs because they have a direct connection with the sternum via their own costal cartilage
Ribs 1-7
Ribs __-__ have an indirect connection with sternum (via the 7th ribs costal cartilage).
Ribs 8-10
Ribs __-__ are called ‘typical’ ribs because have the following characteristics: a head, neck, tubercle and shaft.
Ribs 2-10
Typical ribs have a costal groove, through which the ______ _______ passes.
Costal nerve
The _____ of a typical rib has 2 facets (superior and inferior) which articulate with 2 vertebral bodies, and a ________, which articulates with the TVP of the same number vertebra.
The head connects wit the vertebral bodies.
The tubercle connects with the TVP.
The _________ costal demi facet articulates with the head of the rib of the same number. (ie. the ________ costal demi facet on T4 articulates with rib 4)
Superior
The _________ costal facet articulates with the tubercle of the rib of the same number.
Transverse
Ribs 1, 11, 12 are ‘atypical’ because they articulate with only 1 ________ _____.
Vertebral body
T/F: ‘Atypical’ ribs articulate with the numerically corresponding vertebra.
True
Which muscles attach to special tubercles on rib 1?
The scalenes
Rib 1 contains grooves for the _________ artery and vein
Subclavian
Which ribs do not connect with a TVP?
Ribs 11 and 12 (Rib 1 still does)
The facet orientation of thoracic vertebra tends to be in the ________ plane, where as the facet orientation of lumbar vertebra tends to be in the ________ plane.
Thoracic: frontal/coronal
Lumbar: sagital
Superior angle landmarks rib __
Root of the spine of the scapula landmarks rib __
Inferior angle landmarks rib __ or __
superior angle landmarks rib 2
root of the spine of the scapula landmarks rib 3
inferior angle landmarks rib 7 or 8
Intervertebral joints are designed for strength and weight bearing. They are classified as _________ joints.
Cartilaginous
The superior articular facets on the lateral masses of C1 articulate with the __________ ________ of the skull.
Occipital condyles
What type of joint is the Atlanto-Occipital joint?
Synovial condyloid
What ligament supports the atlanto-occipital joint?
Atlanto-occipital membrane
What type of joint is the Atlanto-Axial joint? What movement happens there?
Synovial pivot. Rotation only.
Which ligament holds the dens of C2 against the anterior arch of C1?
Transverse ligament of the atlas
Bands of this ligament travel from transverse ligament superiorly to the occipital bone and inferiorly to the body of C2.
Cruciate/Cruciform ligament
Ligament that goes from the dens to lateral margins of foramen magnum.
Alar ligaments
Ligament that goes from the dens to anterior margin of foramen magnum.
Apical ligament
Ligament that travels/is anchored to the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies and IVDs from sacrum to C2
Posterior Longitudinal ligament (PLL)
What two things do the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament do?
Checks hyperflexion of the spine.
Prevents posterior protrusion of the IVD.
the most superior part of the PLL is the _________ _________, which attaches onto the occiput.
Tectorial membrane
Ligament that travels/is anchored to the anterior aspect of the vertebral bodies and IVDs from sacrum to occiput.
Anterior Longitudinal ligament
What two things do the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament do?
Checks hyperextension of the spine.
Stabilizes intervertebral joints.
What types of joints are the facet joints?
Synovial plane
What movements are available at the facet joints?
Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion (L,R)
Rotation (L,R)
Factors Affecting _______ of facet joints:
• size and shape of IVDs
• angle of the facet joints
• laxity of ligaments/joint capsules
Range of Motion
Which ligament connects from lamina to lamina of sacrum up to C1, helps preserve normal curves and helps return spine to normal position after flexion?
Ligamentum Flava
Which ligaments between the SPs limit flexion by preventing excessive forward flexion?
Interspinous ligaments
How far inferior do supraspinous ligaments go?
From sacrum to C7
Which ligament runs from C7 to back of the skull and is responsible for thickening of the interspinous/supraspinous ligaments?
Ligamentum Nuchae aka Nuchal ligament
The only ‘bony’ articulation between the upper limb and the axial skeleton.
The sternoclavicular joint
Where does the clavicle connect with the sternum? What type of joint is it?
Clavicle articulates with manubrium and costal cartilage of 1st rib. It’s a synovial saddle joint.
What acts as a shock absorber for forces along clavicle?
The fibrocatrilagenous articular disc at the sternoclavicular joint
What movements are available at the sternoclavicular joint?
- elevation/depression
- protraction/retraction
- rotation
Which ligament connects the first rib to sternal end of clavicle?
Costoclavicular ligament
Which ligament connects the 2 SC joints across the manubrium?
Interclavicular ligament
What type of joint is the manubriosternal joint? What movement is available there?
Cartilaginous
Some movement during respiration
In which joint does the body of the sternum articulate with the xiphoid process? What type of joint is it?
Xiphisternal joint
Cartilaginous
What types of joints are the Chondrosternal joints?
rib 1 and manubrium: cartilaginous
ribs 2-7: synovial
In which joints do the lateral end of each costal cartilage fit into a cup-shaped anterior end of its associated rib? What types of joints are they?
Costochondral joints
Cartilaginous
Which ligaments are responsible for supporting the costochondral joints?
None— they are supported/bound together by periosteum
In which type of joints do the adjacent borders of the costal cartilages articulate? What classification of joints are they?
Interchondral
Synovial
What types of joints are the costovertebral joints?
Synovial plane
What ligament connects the head of the rib to the 2 vertebral bodies and disc in between?
Radiate ligament
In what type of joint does the facet on the tubercle of the rib articulate with the costal facet on the associated
TVP? What classification of joint are they?
Costotransverse joint
Synovial plane
The superficial layer of extrinsic back muscles connect the ______ _____ to the _____.
The upper limb to the trunk
The intermediate layer of intrinsic back muscles are two accessory muscles of ____________.
Respiration
The deep layer of intrinsic back muscles maintain __________ and move the spine/head
Posture
The intermediate layer (of the deep muscles) of the back consists of 3 columns of muscles collectively called the ________ ______.
Erector spinae
The intermediate layer (of the deep muscles) of the back, from ______ to _______, are:
(a) spinalis
(b) longissimus
(c) iliocostalis
Medial to lateral
The transversospinalis (superomedial) muscles from _________ to _______, are:
- semispinalis (capitis, cervicis, thoracis)
- multifidus
- rotatores
Superficial to deep
Where are the transversospinalis muscles found?
In the groove between the spinous and transverse processes (the laminar groove)
These last two deep (deep) back muscles have a _______ fibredirection:
- interspinales
- intertransversarii
Vertical
Serratus posterior superior is _______ to rhomboids (same fibredirection) and __________ to the erector spinae
Deep to rhomboids
Superficial to erector spinae
What action does serratus posterior superior do?
Elevates ribs 2-5, during inspiration (bucket-handle movement)
Serratus posterior inferior is deep to ____________ and ________ ______ ______.
Deep to latissimus/thoracolumbar fascia
What action does serratus posterior inferior do?
Draws ribs down and back during forced expiration
What is the result of unilateral contraction of splenius capiti vs. bilateral contraction?
Unilateral contraction: ipsilateral rotation
Bilateral contraction: extension of the neck
Which muscle attaches from the SPs of T3 – T5 to the C1 – C4 TVPs and does the same action as splenius capitis?
Splenius cervicis
Name the group of muscles arise inferiorly from the thoracolumbar fascia and spread out in a superolateral direction, and name their shared actions.
Intermediate layer (of the deep back muscles)
unilateral: lateral flexion of the vertebral column
bilateral: extension of the vertebral column
Which intermediate (deep) back muscle is very thin and the shortest column?
Spinalis
Which intermediate (deep) back muscle is the longest column, and is most visible and palpable?
Longissimus
Which intermediate (deep) back muscle attaches to the rib muscles?
Iliocostalis
Which muscle is the largest mass in the posterior neck?
Semispinalis
What is the only muscle whose fibres run across the posterior sacrum?
Multifidis
Which muscle is the deepest in the laminar groove?
Rotatores
Which paired muscles on either side of cervical and lumbar SPs perform extension?
Interspinales
Which muscle attaches to the TVPs of adjacent vertebrae of cervical and lumbar spine and performs lateral flexion?
Intertransversarii
Which 4 small muscles deep to semispinalis capitis lay directly over the Atlanto-axial joint
Suboccipitals
Which of the suboccipitals attaches to the dura mater, which may result in headaches by disruption of normal cerebrospinal fluid flow (CSF) and therefore the function of the vertebral artery and the suboccipital nerve?
Rectus capitis posterior minor
Which of the suboccipitals is a key muscle for rotation of C1?
Obliquus capitis inferior
Which of the suboccipitals does lateral flexion of the head on the neck?
Obliquus capitis superior
What is contained within the suboccipital triangle?
The vertebral artery and the suboccipital nerve
Name these boundaries of the suboccipital triangle:
inferolateral border: ______ _______ _______
superolateral border: ______ _______ ______
superomedial border: _____ ______ ______ _______
floor: posterior _______-_________ membrane
roof: __________
inferolateral border: obliquus capitis inferior
superolateral border: obliquus capitis superior
superomedial border: rectus capitis posterior major
floor: posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
roof: semispinalis
The ________ ______: the head wants to follow where the eyes look.
The looking reflex
A patient rolling their eyes ________ generates a small contraction in the suboccipital muscles and rolling them __________ will help them relax.
Rolling the eyes upward generates a small contraction in the suboccipital muscles and rolling them downward will help them relax.
Which of the anterolateral neck muscle does flexion of the head AND neck?
Longus capitits
Which of the scalenes attaches to rib 1, posterior to the subclavian artery?
Middle scalene
Which of the scalenes does flexion of the neck when contracting bilaterally?
Anterior scalene
Which of the scalenes elevates rib 2 during forced inhalation?
Posterior scalene
Which anterolateral neck muscle can do flexion of the neck if the head/neck is in neutral or flexed, and
extension of the head (if the head is already extended)?
Sternocleidomastoid
Define the borders of the anterior cervical triangle:
base: ________
lateral border: ______
medial border: _________ _______ __ _____
base: mandible
lateral border: SCM
medial border: midsagittal plane of the neck
Define the borders of the posterior cervical triangle:
base: ______
anterior border: _______
posterior border: _________
base: clavicle
anterior border: SCM
posterior border: trapezius
Just inferior to where the pharynx splits into the trachea and the esophagus, organ for voice production.
Larynx
Adam’s apple – formed by the _______ _______.
Thyroid cartilage
thyroid gland: __________ to the trachea, _________ to the thyroid cartilage
Anterior to the trachea, inferior to the thyroid cartilage
This bone is part of the anterior neck superior to the thyroid cartilage (part of the larynx).
Hyoid bone
What movement do the suprahyoids perform when the hyoid is fixed?
Assist in depressing (lowering) the mandible
Which of the infrahyoids attaches to the superior border of the scapula near the suprascapular notch?
Omohyoid (inferior belly)
The abdomen is the area between the _________ and the ______.
The diaphragm and the pelvis
The dividing lines for the 4 quadrants of the abdomen are based on the mid-sagittal plane and the __________ plane (the transverse plane passing through the umbilicus or belly button).
transumbilical
The right and left sides of rectus abdominus are separated by the ______ ____.
Linea alba
Which abdominal muscle is most superficial?
External obliques
The fibre direction of external obliques is _________ and _____________.
Anteriorly and inferomedially
The fibre direction of internal obliques is _________ and _____________.
Anteriorly and superomedially
External obliques contract unilaterally to perform _______ rotation of the column, whereas internal obliques contract unilaterally to perform _________ rotation
External obliques: contralateral rotation
Internal obliques: ipsilateral rotation
Light stroking on the medial thigh can initiate the __________ reflex (raising of the testes)
Cremaster
This abdominal muscle has a medial-lateral fibredirection and is deep to internal obliques.
Transverse abdominis
the aponeurotic attachments of the external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis form a sheath of connective tissue which encases the rectus
abdominis muscle called the _________ _________.
The rectus sheath
The linea alba runs vertically from the ________ ________ to the __________ ______.
From the xiphoid process to the symphysis pubis
The lateral border of the rectus abdominis and its sheath.
The linea semilunaris
Quadratus Lumborum can contract bilaterally to fix the 12th rib during _______ _________.
Forced expiration
The innermost intercostals are separated from the internal intercostals by the ___________ ______.
Neurovascular bundle
What action do the external intercostals perform?
Quiet and forced inspiration (through elevation of the ribs)
What action do the internal/innermost intercostals perform?
Forced expiration
This muscle has 12 pairs, one for each rib it attaches to, and elevates the ribs for respiration.
Levator costarum
This muscle anchors and depresses and draws the clavicle medially.
Subclavius
A dome-shaped muscle that divides the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity.
The diaphragm
The top of the dome of the diaphragm sits at approximately the __th intercostal space (during
expiration) and the __th intercostal space (during inspiration).
4th intercostal space (during expiration)
6th intercostal space (during inspiration)
The muscular fibres of the diaphragm converge radially into a strong aponeurotic tendon called the ______ ________. It has a C-shaped appearance with a central, left and right ‘leaflet’.
Central tendon
The diaphragm is enervated by the ________ _____ (C__-__)
Phrenic nerve (C3-5) "C3, 4, and 5 keep the diaphragm alive!"
As the diaphragm it flattens, it increases the vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity (increased thoracic _________)
Volume
Inspiration is assisted by the contraction of the _________.
Intercostals
During inspiration, the ribs are raised and moved laterally which increases the _________ dimension of the thorax (increased thoracic volume).
Transverse
As the ribs are raised, the anterior parts of the ribs and the sternum move anteriorly which increases the anterior-posterior dimension of the thorax (increased thoracic volume) – this is called the ____-______ __________.
Pump-handle movement
Increases in the vertical, transverse, and AP dimensions create a __________ pressure in the lungs which results in air being drawn in
Negative
Inspiration __________ the vertical dimension of the abdomen and __________ the pressure, which is important for normal blood and lymphatic circulation.
Decreases the vertical dimension and increases the pressure
During _______ ________, the diaphragm remains relatively relaxed and accessory muscles of respiration lift the chest up and out. This is an inefficient means of respiration.
Apical Breathing
The region below the pelvic cavity.
The Perineum
What are the actions of the pelvic diaphragm?
Supports the pelvic viscera
Helps maintain control of bodily functions
The part of the skull that contains the brain (often used interchangeably with skull – consists of the frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, temporal and
parietal bones.
The cranium
The dome-like superior portion of the cranium.
Calvaria
The line of union in an immoveable articulation.
Suture
U-shaped bone that forms the skeleton of the lower jaw and the inferior part of the face.
Mandible
Roughened area on the inner aspect of the angle of the
mandible.
Pterygoid tuberosity
The ridge one the frontal bone where your eyebrows are.
Superciliary arch
The _______ bone forms the roof of the eye sockets
Frontal
The temporal bone houses structures related to ________ and __________.
Hearing and balance
Within the temporal bone is the ________ _______ which houses the 3 ossicles (bones of the middle ear).
Tympanic cavity
The 3 ossicles (bones of the middle ear) are called the ______, _____, and _______.
malleus, incus, stapes
Wedge-shaped bone anterior to the temporal bones.
Sphenoid
_____ _______ (Turkish saddle) - houses the pituitary gland.
Sella Turcica
The skeleton of the face between the mouth and the eyes.
The Maxillae
Exit of the infraorbital nerve. Which bone is it located?
Infraorbital foramen of the Maxillae
Anatomical term for cheek bones.
The Zygomatic bones
Separates the nasal cavity from the brain. Located at the roof of the nose between the orbits.
The Ethmoid bone
Arched fold of dura mater which separates the right and left hemispheres of the brain and descends in the longitudinal fissure.
Falx cerebri
A ridge of bone projecting superiorly from the Ethmoid - attachment for the falx cerebri
Crista galli
Part of the Ethmoid which forms the posterior and superior part of the nasal septum.
Perpendicular plate
Meeting point between the coronal and sagittal sutures.
Bregma
Joint between temporal and parietal bones.
Squamous suture
Meeting point of the lambdoid and sagittal sutures
Lambda
Connection between the sphenoid, temporal, frontal and parietal bones.
Pterion
Aka eye socket— cone-shaped cavity made of many bones.
The Orbit
Define the borders of the orbit: posterior wall - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ floor - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ roof - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lateral wall - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ medial wall - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
posterior wall - sphenoid floor - maxillae roof - frontal lateral wall - zygomatic medial wall - ethmoid
Which of the sinuses are the largest?
Maxillary
the air travelling through the sinuses is either warmed or cooled to within 1 degree of _____ ___________.
Body temperature
There are short, thick hairs called __________ which help to move particulate matter.
Vibrassae
In the TMJ, the head/condyle of the mandible articulates with the _________ ______ and articular tubercle of the temporal bone
Mandibular fossa
What type of joint is the TMJ?
Synovial, modified hinge
Attached to the TMJ articular disc posteriorly is the ________ ____, which helps maintain the
proper positioning of the disc.
Retrodiscal pad
The TMJ capsule thickens laterally to form the ________ ______________ ligament
Lateral temporomandibular ligament
Which muscle does elevation of the mandible
and retraction of the mandible (more horizontal/posterior fibres)?
Temporalis
Which muscle does both retraction and protraction of the mandible?
Masseter
Which muscle performs translational (anterior/posterior) control of the articular disc of the mandible?
Lateral pterygoid
Beginning to midrange of mandibular depression is primarily _______ ________ rotation of the head of the mandible in the mandibular fossa.
Anterior sagittal
Midrange to end range of mandibular depression is primarily anterior translation of the head of the mandible from the fossa onto the ________ ________.
Articular tubercle
During depression, as the translation of the mandible occurs, the articular disc is pulled anteriorly by the superior head of the ________ _________ to maintain joint surface congruency.
Lateral pterygoid
As the mouth closes, the disc is pulled back into position by elastic fibres that attach to the back of the disc – the movement is controlled (eccentrically) by the __________ head of the lateral pterygoid
Superior head
What is the close-packed position of the TMJ?
Maximal occlusion
What is the resting position of the TMJ?
Teeth 2-5mm apart with the tip of the tongue resting behind the front teeth on the roof of the mouth
Name all the examples for muscles of facial expression: Occipitofrontalis = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Orbicularis oculi = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ supercilii = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Levator labii superioris = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Levator labii superioris aleque nasi = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Zygomaticus minor = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Zygomaticus major = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Orbicularis oris = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Mentalis = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Depressor labii inferioris = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Depressor anguli oris = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Platysma = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Occipitofrontalis = Surprise
Orbicularis oculi = Squinting & winking Corrugator supercilii = Frowning
Levator labii superioris = Snarling
Levator labii superioris aleque nasi = Stank face Zygomaticus minor = Elvis
Zygomaticus major = Smiling
Orbicularis oris = Kissing & whistling
Mentalis = Pouting
Depressor labii inferioris = Yikes
Depressor anguli oris = Sad
Platysma = Creature from the black lagoon
