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Anatomy Middle Ear > Anatomy Middle Ear 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Middle Ear 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What bone connects to the head of the malleus?

A

The body of the incus

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2
Q

What part of the malleus connects to the tympanic membrane?

A

The manubrium of the malleus

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3
Q

Where is the tensor tympani muscle attached?

A

The manubrium of the malleus

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4
Q

What part of the incus articulates with the stapes?

A

The lenticular process articulates with the head of the stapes

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5
Q

What is the uppermost part of the stapes?

A

The head or capitulum of the stapes

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6
Q

What part of the stapes comes below the head?

A

The neck of the stapes

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7
Q

What part of the stapes is at the bottom?

A

The footplate of the stapes

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8
Q

What does the footplates of the stapes lie on?

A

The membrane that covers the oval window

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9
Q

What anchors the footplate of the stapes?

A

The annular ligament that radiates from the footplate to the surround wall of the oval window

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10
Q

What muscle is attached to the neck of the stapes?

A

The stapedius muscle

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11
Q

What nerve innervates the stapedius muscle?

A

The stapedius nerve

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12
Q

What are is the main branch connecting the stapedius nerve?

A

The facial nerve or VIIth cranial nerve

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13
Q

Where does the stapedius muscle originate?

A

The pyramid

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14
Q

Where does the stapedius muscle insert on the stapes?

A

The neck of the stapes

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15
Q

What nerve innervates the tensor tympani muscle?

A

The tensor tympani nerve

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16
Q

What is the main branch connecting the tensor tympani nerve?

A

The trigeminal nerve or Vth cranial nerve

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17
Q

Where does the tensor tympani muscle originate?

A

The bony and cartilaginous margins of the Eustachian tube

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18
Q

What are the four main parts of the brain?

A

The cerebrum, cerebellum, diancephalon and brainstem

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19
Q

Where do the twelve pairs of cranial nerves originate (except I & II)?

A

In the brainstem

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20
Q

What are the components of the brainstem?

A

The midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

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21
Q

Where are the openings that the cranial nerves exit the cranium through?

A

The base of the cranium

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22
Q

What bone is the internal ear canal located in?

A

The temporal bone

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23
Q

What three nerves course through the internal auditory canal?

A

The facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), the vestibular nerve and the auditory nerve

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24
Q

What nerve makes a protusion on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity?

A

The facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)

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25
After making a protrusion on the medial wall, the facial nerve exits the base of the skull and does what?
Contracts the muscles of the face and produces tears from a lacrimal gland
26
What are two relevant branches of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)?
Stapedius nerve and the Chorda Tympani nerve
27
What direction does the stapedius muscle pull the stapes in (away from the oval window)?
In the lateral and posterior direction
28
Where does the chorda tympani nerve go?
Through the middle ear and then ends in the tongue
29
What does the chorda tympani nerve do?
It relates to the sense of taste from the front part of the tongue
30
What number is the trigeminal nerve?
Vth cranial nerve
31
How many divisions does the trigeminal (Vth cranial) nerve have?
Three
32
What is ophthalmic V1 of the trigeminal nerve (Vth cranial) control?
The forehead and eye
33
What does the maxillary V2 branch of the trigeminal nerve (Vth cranial) control?
The cheek
34
What does the mandibular V3 branch of the trigeminal nerve (Vth cranial) control?
The lower face and jaw
35
What is on the lateral wall?
The tympanic membrane
36
What is on the superior wall?
The tegmen tympani
37
What is on the inferior wall?
The fundus tympani
38
What is on the medial wall?
Horizontal semicircular canal, facial nerve, oval window, promontory & round window
39
What is the promontory?
The prominence of the basal turn of the cochlea
40
What is full name of the horizontal semicircular canal?
Horizontal (lateral or external) semicircular canal
41
What is on the anterior wall?
The Eustachian tube & tensor tympani muscle
42
What is on the posterior wall?
The pyramid and the aditus
43
How long is the Eustachian tube?
3.5-4 cm in adults
44
What is the shape of the Eustachian tube?
Funnel-shaped
45
What is the Eustachian tube composed of?
Posterior 1/3 is bony, Anterior 2/3 is cartilaginous
46
What does the Eustachian tube connect the middle ear to?
The nasopharynx
47
What is the antrum (cave)?
A space between the aditus and the mastoid air cells system
48
What is the function of the middle ear?
Transforming acoustic energy (sound waves) in the outer ear into mechanical energy in the middle ear
49
How much is the total increase in sound pressure the middle ear provides to the oval window?
33dB
50
How much dB is the Area-Ratio effect?
25dB of pressure gain
51
How much is the pressure gain of the Lever-Action effect?
3dB of pressure gain
52
How much is the pressure gain of the Tympanic Membrane Buckling Effect?
5dB of pressure gain
53
What does the middle ear match up?
Impedance
54
What frequency does the auricle boost by 10dB?
5000Hz
55
What frequency does the EAC boost by 10dB?
2700Hz
56
What frequencies does the EAC and auricle boost together?
2 - 7 kHz
57
Where are the two peaks located on the curve for the EAC/auricle combination?
2700 Hz and 5000 Hz
58
What frequencies does the middle ear boost?
Mainly at 1000 Hz and below
59
What nerve forms the input for the acoustic reflex?
The auditory (VIIIth cranial) nerve
60
Is the acoustic reflex voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
61
What muscles does the acoustic reflex contract?
The stapedius muscles
62
How intense is the sound that causes the acoustic reflex?
70-100dB SL
63
What is the contraction on the same side as the sound called in the acoustic reflex?
Ipsilateral acoustic reflex
64
What is the contraction on the opposite side of the sound of the acoustic reflex called?
Contralateral acoustic reflex
65
What is the purpose of the acoustic reflex?
To stiffen the ossicular chain, decreasing the compliance or mobility of the ossicular chain, protecting both cochleas from damage caused by a sudden, high intensity sound
66
What does sensation level mean?
The number of decibels above the patient's hearing threshold
67
How does the tensor tympani muscle know to contract during the acoustic reflex?
It contracts when the stapedius muscle contracts
68
What other way is the tensor tympani muscle known to contract?
By changes in the temperature in the external auditory canal
69
What is the purpose of the Eustachian tube?
To equalize air pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane
70
How is the Eustachian tube normally kept closed?
By the spring mechanism of the cartilage
71
When does the Eustachian tube open?
During yawning or swallowing
72
Why must the air pressure be equal inside the middle ear and the external auditory canal?
To maximize the mobility of the tympanic membrane
73
What is the major reason for the need for a pressure-equalization system in the middle ear?
Because there is absorption of air by middle-ear tissues
74
What is the Toynbee maneuver?
Swallow with nostrils closed
75
What is the Valsalva maneuver?
Blow with nostrils closed
76
What else does the Eustachian tube do for the tympanic cavity?
It acts as a drainage conduit for any fluid that has collected in the tympanic cavity
77
What is acute otitis media?
An infection of the muscous-membrane lining of the middle-ear tympanic cavity
78
What is acute otitis media primarily a disease of?
Childhood
79
How do bacteria, viruses or other organisms enter the middle ear?
Through the Eustachian tube from the nasopharynx
80
When is acute otitis media most common?
In fall and winter
81
When sneezing what should we encourage children and adults to do?
Keep their mouths open
82
Where is the mastoid air cell system located?
In the mastoid process of the temporal bone, referred to as the pneumatic cavities
83
Are the air cells interconnected?
Yes
84
Are the air cells lined with mucous membrane?
Yes
85
What does the mastoid air cell system do?
Makes the skull lighter

Anatomy Middle Ear (1 decks)

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