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Anatomy Middle Ear > Anatomy Middle Ear 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Middle Ear 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What bone connects to the head of the malleus?

A

The body of the incus

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2
Q

What part of the malleus connects to the tympanic membrane?

A

The manubrium of the malleus

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3
Q

Where is the tensor tympani muscle attached?

A

The manubrium of the malleus

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4
Q

What part of the incus articulates with the stapes?

A

The lenticular process articulates with the head of the stapes

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5
Q

What is the uppermost part of the stapes?

A

The head or capitulum of the stapes

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6
Q

What part of the stapes comes below the head?

A

The neck of the stapes

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7
Q

What part of the stapes is at the bottom?

A

The footplate of the stapes

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8
Q

What does the footplates of the stapes lie on?

A

The membrane that covers the oval window

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9
Q

What anchors the footplate of the stapes?

A

The annular ligament that radiates from the footplate to the surround wall of the oval window

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10
Q

What muscle is attached to the neck of the stapes?

A

The stapedius muscle

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11
Q

What nerve innervates the stapedius muscle?

A

The stapedius nerve

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12
Q

What are is the main branch connecting the stapedius nerve?

A

The facial nerve or VIIth cranial nerve

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13
Q

Where does the stapedius muscle originate?

A

The pyramid

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14
Q

Where does the stapedius muscle insert on the stapes?

A

The neck of the stapes

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15
Q

What nerve innervates the tensor tympani muscle?

A

The tensor tympani nerve

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16
Q

What is the main branch connecting the tensor tympani nerve?

A

The trigeminal nerve or Vth cranial nerve

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17
Q

Where does the tensor tympani muscle originate?

A

The bony and cartilaginous margins of the Eustachian tube

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18
Q

What are the four main parts of the brain?

A

The cerebrum, cerebellum, diancephalon and brainstem

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19
Q

Where do the twelve pairs of cranial nerves originate (except I & II)?

A

In the brainstem

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20
Q

What are the components of the brainstem?

A

The midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

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21
Q

Where are the openings that the cranial nerves exit the cranium through?

A

The base of the cranium

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22
Q

What bone is the internal ear canal located in?

A

The temporal bone

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23
Q

What three nerves course through the internal auditory canal?

A

The facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), the vestibular nerve and the auditory nerve

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24
Q

What nerve makes a protusion on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity?

A

The facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)

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25
Q

After making a protrusion on the medial wall, the facial nerve exits the base of the skull and does what?

A

Contracts the muscles of the face and produces tears from a lacrimal gland

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26
Q

What are two relevant branches of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)?

A

Stapedius nerve and the Chorda Tympani nerve

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27
Q

What direction does the stapedius muscle pull the stapes in (away from the oval window)?

A

In the lateral and posterior direction

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28
Q

Where does the chorda tympani nerve go?

A

Through the middle ear and then ends in the tongue

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29
Q

What does the chorda tympani nerve do?

A

It relates to the sense of taste from the front part of the tongue

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30
Q

What number is the trigeminal nerve?

A

Vth cranial nerve

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31
Q

How many divisions does the trigeminal (Vth cranial) nerve have?

A

Three

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32
Q

What is ophthalmic V1 of the trigeminal nerve (Vth cranial) control?

A

The forehead and eye

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33
Q

What does the maxillary V2 branch of the trigeminal nerve (Vth cranial) control?

A

The cheek

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34
Q

What does the mandibular V3 branch of the trigeminal nerve (Vth cranial) control?

A

The lower face and jaw

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35
Q

What is on the lateral wall?

A

The tympanic membrane

36
Q

What is on the superior wall?

A

The tegmen tympani

37
Q

What is on the inferior wall?

A

The fundus tympani

38
Q

What is on the medial wall?

A

Horizontal semicircular canal, facial nerve, oval window, promontory & round window

39
Q

What is the promontory?

A

The prominence of the basal turn of the cochlea

40
Q

What is full name of the horizontal semicircular canal?

A

Horizontal (lateral or external) semicircular canal

41
Q

What is on the anterior wall?

A

The Eustachian tube & tensor tympani muscle

42
Q

What is on the posterior wall?

A

The pyramid and the aditus

43
Q

How long is the Eustachian tube?

A

3.5-4 cm in adults

44
Q

What is the shape of the Eustachian tube?

A

Funnel-shaped

45
Q

What is the Eustachian tube composed of?

A

Posterior 1/3 is bony, Anterior 2/3 is cartilaginous

46
Q

What does the Eustachian tube connect the middle ear to?

A

The nasopharynx

47
Q

What is the antrum (cave)?

A

A space between the aditus and the mastoid air cells system

48
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Transforming acoustic energy (sound waves) in the outer ear into mechanical energy in the middle ear

49
Q

How much is the total increase in sound pressure the middle ear provides to the oval window?

A

33dB

50
Q

How much dB is the Area-Ratio effect?

A

25dB of pressure gain

51
Q

How much is the pressure gain of the Lever-Action effect?

A

3dB of pressure gain

52
Q

How much is the pressure gain of the Tympanic Membrane Buckling Effect?

A

5dB of pressure gain

53
Q

What does the middle ear match up?

A

Impedance

54
Q

What frequency does the auricle boost by 10dB?

A

5000Hz

55
Q

What frequency does the EAC boost by 10dB?

A

2700Hz

56
Q

What frequencies does the EAC and auricle boost together?

A

2 - 7 kHz

57
Q

Where are the two peaks located on the curve for the EAC/auricle combination?

A

2700 Hz and 5000 Hz

58
Q

What frequencies does the middle ear boost?

A

Mainly at 1000 Hz and below

59
Q

What nerve forms the input for the acoustic reflex?

A

The auditory (VIIIth cranial) nerve

60
Q

Is the acoustic reflex voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

61
Q

What muscles does the acoustic reflex contract?

A

The stapedius muscles

62
Q

How intense is the sound that causes the acoustic reflex?

A

70-100dB SL

63
Q

What is the contraction on the same side as the sound called in the acoustic reflex?

A

Ipsilateral acoustic reflex

64
Q

What is the contraction on the opposite side of the sound of the acoustic reflex called?

A

Contralateral acoustic reflex

65
Q

What is the purpose of the acoustic reflex?

A

To stiffen the ossicular chain, decreasing the compliance or mobility of the ossicular chain, protecting both cochleas from damage caused by a sudden, high intensity sound

66
Q

What does sensation level mean?

A

The number of decibels above the patient’s hearing threshold

67
Q

How does the tensor tympani muscle know to contract during the acoustic reflex?

A

It contracts when the stapedius muscle contracts

68
Q

What other way is the tensor tympani muscle known to contract?

A

By changes in the temperature in the external auditory canal

69
Q

What is the purpose of the Eustachian tube?

A

To equalize air pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane

70
Q

How is the Eustachian tube normally kept closed?

A

By the spring mechanism of the cartilage

71
Q

When does the Eustachian tube open?

A

During yawning or swallowing

72
Q

Why must the air pressure be equal inside the middle ear and the external auditory canal?

A

To maximize the mobility of the tympanic membrane

73
Q

What is the major reason for the need for a pressure-equalization system in the middle ear?

A

Because there is absorption of air by middle-ear tissues

74
Q

What is the Toynbee maneuver?

A

Swallow with nostrils closed

75
Q

What is the Valsalva maneuver?

A

Blow with nostrils closed

76
Q

What else does the Eustachian tube do for the tympanic cavity?

A

It acts as a drainage conduit for any fluid that has collected in the tympanic cavity

77
Q

What is acute otitis media?

A

An infection of the muscous-membrane lining of the middle-ear tympanic cavity

78
Q

What is acute otitis media primarily a disease of?

A

Childhood

79
Q

How do bacteria, viruses or other organisms enter the middle ear?

A

Through the Eustachian tube from the nasopharynx

80
Q

When is acute otitis media most common?

A

In fall and winter

81
Q

When sneezing what should we encourage children and adults to do?

A

Keep their mouths open

82
Q

Where is the mastoid air cell system located?

A

In the mastoid process of the temporal bone, referred to as the pneumatic cavities

83
Q

Are the air cells interconnected?

A

Yes

84
Q

Are the air cells lined with mucous membrane?

A

Yes

85
Q

What does the mastoid air cell system do?

A

Makes the skull lighter

Anatomy Middle Ear (1 decks)

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