Anatomy Med

Question 1

Human anatomy

Answer 1

science that provides the foundation for understanding physical performance and body health.

Question 2

Gross anatomy

Answer 2

structures that can be observed with naked eye.

Question 3

Surface anatomy

Answer 3

Surface examination of the body observed \ palpated (felt firmly).

Question 4

Microscopic anatomy

Answer 4

study of structures w\microscope.
- cytology (study of cells).
- histology (study of tissues).
cell \ tissues stained by (vital stains)

Question 5

Radiological anatomy

Answer 5

study of structures by X-rays, ultrasound, or CT/MRI. scans performed on living body.

• radiopaque substances can be ingested or injected for visualizing internal organs.

Question 6

Angiography

Answer 6

involves making a radiograph after injecting a dye into the blood stream.

Question 7

Surgical anatomy

Answer 7

Precise incision

Question 8

Developmental anatomy (embryology)

Answer 8

study of prenatal stages (266/280 days).

Question 9

Anatomical Position

Answer 9

• Supine position ( نايم على ظهره)
• prone position ( نايم على بطنه)
• Lithotomy position ( وضعيه الولاده)

Question 10

Anatomical Planes

Answer 10

maginary planes (lines) that cut through the body when it is in anatomical position.

Question 11

Median Plane (mid sagittal)

Answer 11

the plane is dividing the human body into two equal parts ( left and right )

Question 12

Sagittal Planes (lateral)

Answer 12

the plane is dividing the human body into two parts ( not equal ) ( left and right ). sagittal plane are parallel to the median plane

Question 13

Coronal Planes (frontal)

Answer 13

the plane is dividing the human body into two parts ( not equal ) ( front and back )
( anterior and posterior). it is perpendicular to the median plane

Question 14

Horizontal Planes (transverse/axial)

Answer 14

cross section plane dividing the body into upper part and lower part , you can take plenty of horizontal sections .. not exactly the middle of the body

Question 15

Oblique Planes

Answer 15

not in any of the coronal, sagittal, median or horizontal planes.

Question 16

Anatomical terms-Terms of Relationship

Answer 16

Superior (cranial) – Nearer to the head
Inferior (caudal) – Nearer to the feet

Question 17

Anatomical terms-Terms of Relationship

Answer 17

Anterior (ventral) – Nearer to the front Posterior (dorsal) – Nearer to the back

Question 18

Anatomical terms-Terms of Relationship

Answer 18

Medial – Nearer to the median plane
Lateral – Farther from the median plane

Question 19

Anatomical terms-Terms of Relationship

Answer 19

Intermediate – means between

Question 20

Anatomical terms-Terms of Relationship

Answer 20

Palmar describes the palm side of the hand
Plantar describes the bottom of the foot

Question 21

Anatomical terms-Terms of Comparison

Answer 21

Proximal – Nearer to the trunk/point of origin
Distal – Away from the trunk/point of origin

Question 22

Anatomical terms-Terms of Comparison

Answer 22

Superficial – Nearer to/on the surface
Deep – Farther from the surface

Question 23

Anatomical terms-Terms of Comparison

Answer 23

External – Towards/on the exterior
Internal – Towards/in the interior

Question 24

Anatomical terms-Terms of Comparison

Answer 24

Central – Nearer to/towards the center
Peripheral – Away from the center

Question 25

Anatomical terms-Terms of Comparison

Answer 25

Parietal – External wall of a body cavity
Visceral – Pertaining to covering of an organ

Question 26

Anatomical terms-Terms of Comparison

Answer 26

Ipsilateral – On the same side of the body
Contralateral – On the opposite side of the body

Question 27

Anatomical terms-Terms of Comparison

Answer 27

Evagination – Outward bulging of the wall of a cavity
Invagination – Inward bulging of the wall of a cavity

Question 28

Molecular Organization of Human Body

Answer 28

H2 > O > C > N

Question 29

Major Classes of Compound

Answer 29

Water > protein > lipids > carbohydrates

Question 30

Gametogenesis

Answer 30

process in which gametes are formed Gametes are sex cells (Oocyte and sperms)

Characterized in 4 stages (1st stage is same in male and female)

Question 31

1st stage of gametogenesis

Answer 31

The extraembryonic origin of the germ cells and their migration into the gonads

Question 32

What happen if the primordial germ cells fail to migrate into the gonad?

Answer 32

Teratomas occur

Question 33

2nd stage of gametogenesis

Answer 33

An increase in the number of germ cells by mitosis / proliferation by mitosis.

Question 34

Why is Proliferation by Mitosis important?

Answer 34

To insure that we pass on and become fertile

Question 35

Proliferation by Mitosis

Answer 35

• Before entering mitosis each chromosome replicates its DNA.
• Each daughter cell complete complement of 46 chromosomes- diploid progeny.
• The pattern of mitotic divisions differs from male and female germ cells.

Question 36

3rd stage of gametogenesis

Answer 36

A reduction in chromosomal number by meiosis.

Question 37

Why reduction in chromosomal number by meiosis is important?

Answer 37

Because if I have two sex cells and they are going to fuse together I would need half of that in order to restore the diploid progeny / In order to have a haploid (23 chromosomes) progeny

Question 38

Reduction by meiosis

Answer 38

• generate male and female gametes.

• Requires two cell divisions to reduce the number of chromosomes to the haploid number of 23.

• Homologous chromosomes pair (each 2 chromatids), separate into two daughter cells reducing to haploid.

• Meiosis ll separates sister chromatids, each gamete then contains 23 chromosomes(1 chromatid).

Question 39

Crossover

Answer 39

• Crossover are critical events in meiosis I (interchange of chromatid segments between paired homologous chromosome).

• Genetic variability is enhanced through crossover and through random distribution.

Question 40

Reduction by Meiosis

Answer 40

→ For oocytes: one primary gives rise to four daughter cells (each 22+X) only one develops into a mature gamete the other 3 (polar bodies) degenerate.
→ For spermatocyte: similar to oocyte gives two (22+X) and two (22+Y) all are mature gametes!

Question 41

Ooginia and Spermatogonia (premature germ cells)

Answer 41

Ooginia: Peaks from second to fifth month of pregnancy. undergo programmed degeneration until menopause called atresia*.

Spermatogonia: maintain the ability to divide throughout postnatal life.

→ Spermatozoas are generated continuously
But females generate all their potential gametes before birth

Question 42

Meiosis in Females

Answer 42

• oogonia → mitotic divisions → arranged in clusters surrounded by a layer of flat epithelium.

• Primary oocytes together+its surrounding flat epithelial cells → a primordial follicle.

• At birth, all primary oocytes have started prophase of meiosis I, but do not enter metaphase- *they enter diplotene stage until puberty.

Question 43

why late pregnancies are often considered high risk of chromosomal abnormalities?

Answer 43

• Oocytes that reach maturity late in life have
been dormant for 40 years or more before
ovulation

Question 44

Meiosis in Males

Answer 44

• Begins after puberty, not all spermatogonia enter meiosis at the same time.

• When spermatogonium enter meiotic phase as primary spermatocyte they spend several weeks dividing.

• The result is two secondary spermatocytes, which enter the second meiotic divisions and result in four haploid spermatids ~64 days

Question 45

Does spermiogenesis happen before puberty? Why?

Answer 45

No, Because anything before the haploid Will not occur before puberty.

Question 46

4th stage of gametogenesis

Answer 46

maturation

• Structural and functional maturation of the eggs and spermatozoa.

Question 47

Maturation pertaining to the follicles

Answer 47

• Each month 15 to 20 follicles selected from the pool begin to mature and pass through 3 stages:
1) Primary (preantral)
2) Secondary(antral)
3) Preovulatory(Graafianfollicle)

• primary oocyte begins to grow, surrounding follicular cells change from flat → cuboidal → stratified epithelium of granulosa cells

• Theca folliculi
• Zona pellucida

Question 48

Maturation pertaining to the Spermatozoa

Answer 48

• Formation of the acrosome, which covers half of the nuclear surface and contains enzymes to assist in fertilization

• Condensation of the nucleus

• Formation of the neck, middle piece, and tail

• Shedding of most of the cytoplasm as residual bodies

Question 49

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Answer 49

• nondisjunction: Chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis.
• one haploid gamete has 24chromosomes, other haploid gamete has only 22chromosomes.
  → When these gametes combine with normal (23 chromosomal) the result is:
• 47 chromosomal embryo (trisomy)
• 45 chromosomal embryo (monosomy)

• General term for abnormal number of chromosomes in an embryo is termed aneuploidy*.

Question 50

Trisomy 21

Answer 50

• Down Syndrome

• delayed growth distinct facial characteristics and intellectual disability

• The risk increases with maternal age

• Premature aging, thyroid dysfunction, infections

Question 51

Trisomy 18

Answer 51

• Trisomy 18 patients show mental retardation, congenital heart defects, low-set ears, flexion of fingers and hand

• Incidence rate is 1:5000, and usually all die by 2 months of age

Question 52

Trisomy 13

Answer 52

• show cleft lip and palate, eye defects, deafness, mental retardation

• Trisomy 13 patients 1:20,000 . More than 90% die in their first month after birth

Question 53

How to identify abnormalities

Answer 53

Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)