Anatomy Lecture 1 -- The Heart External Features and Coronary Circulation Flashcards
3 pericardial coverings
Fibrous pericardium Serous pericardium (parietal and visceral lamina)
2 ligaments of the heart
Sternopericardial Pericardial phrenic
4 diseases related to the pericardium
Pericarditis Cardiac tamponade Hemocardium Chronic constructive pericarditis
6 potential causes of pericarditis
Bacteria, fungus, virus, parasites Cancer, autoimmune
Characteristic of the fibrous pericardium and the effect
Very stiff = does not allow expansion of the heart past this limit
Effect of pericarditis
Enlargement of pericardial cavity = Increased pressure = effusion into PC = expansion towards ventricles = ventricles constricted –> potential death
Define cardiac tamponade
Compression of the heart
Cause of cardiac tamponade
Restriction of incoming blood flow (i.e. from pulmonary veins)
Effect of cardiac tamponade
Ventricles pump much less
2 treatments for cardiac tamponade
Pericardiocentesis (remove juice) by cardiac notch or just under parasternal line below xiphoid IV antibiotics
2 potential causes of hemocardium
Violence (i.e. puncture = blood in P.C.) Damaged heart wall
Effect of chronic constrictive pericarditis
P.C. obliterated by adhesions between covers Wall of pericardial sac is very thick (often occludes whole cavity)
Define inflammation
Process whereby fluid and white blood cells accumulate at a site of injury Fluid and WBC can ooze out of nearby blood vessels (so can only occur in vascularized tissues)
3 tubes branching off the aortic arch (from right to left)
Brachiocephalic trunk Carotid Subclavian artery
What part(s) of the body does the brachiocephalic trunk supply blood to?
Right side of head and neck, right arm
What part(s) of the body does the carotid supply blood to?
Left head and neck
What part(s) of the body does the subclavian artery supply blood to?
Left arm
2 incoming vessels to right atrium
Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava
From what body parts does the SVC bring blood?
Upper torso area
From what body parts does the IVC bring blood?
Abdomen and lower limbs
Define the auricles
2 flaps of heart tissue that come off the atria Embryological leftovers that are no longer functional after birth (look like cockerspaniel ears)
2 borders of the heart
Right atrium Left atrium
3 surfaces of the heart
Anterior = right ventricle Base = left atrium Diaphragmatic = right ventricle and left ventricle
Where is the apex of the heart?
Bottom of left ventricle
Where does the sound of the heart come from when you use a stethoscope?
Apex
Variation in coronary arteries
May have 1 - 3 coronary arteries (usually have 2) 3rd can be anywhere Branches are variable
Cause of myocardial infarct
Occlusion of flow in coronary arteries. Would be fixed by a functional anastomosis, allowing for retrograde flow, except that the vessels do not connect (so do not have this flow)
When can a person survive a myocardial infarct?
If the occlusion is in a secondary branch since only the associated tissue dies, not the whole heart
Where do the coronary arteries originate?
At the very beginning of the aorta where the aortic valve forms
Identify this structure
Brachiocephalic trunk
Identify this structure
Carotid artery
Identify this structure
Subclavian artery
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Superior Vena Cava
Auracles
Right Ventricle
Left ventricle
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Right marginal artery
Anterior interventricular artery
Posterior interventricular artery
Coronary sinus
Great cardiac vein
Right marginal vein
Middle cardiac vein
(More anterior)
Left marginal vein
Small cardiac vein
More posterior
Left posterior ventricular vein
