Anatomy labs for lab pract. 2 Flashcards
Description and location of Stratum corneum
Most superficial layer, its composed of many layers of keratinized, dead epithelial cells; appear scaly and flattened; resists water loss, abrasion, and absorption.
Description and location of Stratum lucidum
Between stratum corneum and stratum granulosum on soles and palms of thick skin. Cells appear clear; nuclei organelles, and plasma membranes no longer visible.
Description and location of Stratum granulosum
Beneath the stratum corneum (or stratum lucid of thick skin). Three to five layers of flattened granular cells; contain shrunken fibers of keratin and shriveled nuclei.
Description and location of Stratum spinosum
Beneath the stratum granulosum. Many layers of cells w/ centrally located, large, oval nuclei; develop fibers of keratin; cells becoming flattened in superficial portion.
Description and location of Stratum basale
Deepest layer. A single row of cuboidal or columnar cells; layer also includes the melanocytes; frequent cell division; some cells become parts of more superficial layers.
Apocrine sweat gland
Most abundant in the axillary and genital regions. The sweat ducts open into the hair follicles and become active at puberty. Their secretions increase during stress and pain and have little influence on thermoregulation.
Arrector pili muscle
They are attached to the hair follicle and can pull the hair to a more upright position, causing goosebumps when experiencing cold temperatures or fear.
Sebaceous Gland
Secretes an oily sebum into the hair follicles, which keeps the hair and epidermal surface pliable and somewhat waterproof.
Epidermis
The outer layer of skin which consists of stratified squamous epithelium.
Dermis
Inner layer of skin, consists of a superficial papillary region of areolar connective tissue and a thicker and deeper reticular region of dense irregular connective tissue.
Hypodermis
Beneath the Dermis, subcutaneous layer; superficial fascia composed of adipose and areolar connective tissues. The hypodermic is not considered a true layer of the skin.
Hair Papilla
Located at the base of the hair, it contains a network of capillaries that supply the nutrients for cell divisions for hair growth within the hair bulb.
Sweat Glands (sudoriferous glands)
Distributed over most regions of the body and consist of two types of glands.
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Widespread glands that are most numerous on the palms, soles of feet and the forehead. Their ducts open to the surface at a sweat pore. The secretions increase during hot days, physical exercise, and stress; they serve as an excretory function and can help prevent our body temperature from overheating.
Apocrine Sweat Glands
Most abundant in the axillary (arm pit) and genital regions. The sweat ducts open into the hair follicles and become active at puberty. The secretions increase during stress and pain and have little influence on thermoregulation.
Skeletal Muscle
Long, threadlike cells; striated; many nuclei near plasma membrane.
Voluntary movements of skeletal parts; facial expressions or contracting the muscles in your thigh.
Muscles usually attached to bones
Smooth Muscle
Shorter spindle-shaped cells; single central nucleus.
Involuntary movements of internal organs
Walls of hollow internal organs
Cardiac muscle
Branched cells; striated; single nucleus (usually)
Heart contractions to pump blood; involuntary
Heart walls
Nervous Tissue
Neurons w/ long cellular processes; neuroglia smaller and variable
Sensory reception and conduction of action potentials; neuroglia supportive
Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
Unbranched and relatively parallel cells Striations are present and obvious Nucleus is multinucleate Intercalated discs (junction where cells fit together) is absent Voluntary control
Smooth Muscle Characteristics
Spindle-shaped cells Striations are absent Nucleus is uninucleated Intercalated discs are absent Involuntary control
Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
Branched and connected cells in complex networks Striations are present but faint Nucleus is usually uninucleated Intercalated discs are present Involuntary control
Name the three types of muscle tissues
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Which muscle tissue is under conscious control?
Skeletal
Which of the following organs lacks smooth muscle?
heart
Which muscle tissue lacks striations?
Smooth
What conducts action potentials?
Neurons
Muscles of facial expression are?
Skeletal muscles
Which muscle tissue is multinucleated?
Skeletal muscles
Intercalated discs represent the junction where heart muscle cells fit together? True or false?
True
Both cardiac and skeletal muscle cells are voluntary? True or False
False, skeletal muscles are voluntary and cardiac are involuntary.
What are neurons?
Also called nerve cells, contain a cell body w/ the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm, and cellular processes that extend from the cell body. They are considered excitable cells b/c they can generate signals called action potentials along the neuron to another neuron or a muscle or gland.
What are neuroglia
(glial cells) are more abundant than neurons; they cannot conduct nerve impulses, but they have important supportive and protective functions for neurons.
Extracellular matrix
Varies in quantity depending on the specific tissue type and is like a filler material between the cells. The cells produce and secrete two components of the extracellular matrix known as the ground substance and fibers.
Ground Substance
Located in the ECM, it varies from a liquid to semisolid to solid, and has functions in support and as a medium for substances to move between cells and blood vessels.
Fibers
Located in the ECM, consist of fibrous proteins including collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers.
Collagen
Fibers that are thick threads, the most abundant fiber and are white in unstained tissues.
Reticular
Fibers are fine threads of highly branched collagen w/ glycoprotein.
Elastic Fibers
form complex networks of a highly branched protein called elastin, which is springlike and appears yellowish in unstained tissues.
What do fibers do?
Provide the binding properties w/in the tissue and between organs. You could compare connective tissue to making gelatin; the gelatin of various densities represents the ground substance, added fruit represents cells, and added strands represent the fibers.
Areolar Connective
Description: Cells in abundant fluid gel matrix; loose arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers
Function: Loosely binds organs, holds tissue fluids
Adipose
Description: Cells in sparse fluid-gel matrix; closely packed cells
Functions: Protects; insulates; stores fat
Reticular Connective
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix; reticular fibers
Function: Supportive framework of organs
Dense regular connective
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix; parallel, wavy collagen fibers
Function: Tightly binds body parts
Dense Irregular Connective
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix; random collagen fibers
Function: Sustains tissue tension; durable
Elastic Connective
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix; collagen fibers densely packed; branched elastic fibers
Function: Provides elastic quality
Hyaline Cartilage
Description: Cells in firm solid-gel matrix; fine network of collagen fibers; appears glassy
Function: Supports; protects; provides framework
Fibrocartilage
Description: Cells in firm solid-gel matrix; abundant collagen fibers
Function: Supports;protects; absorbs shock
Elastic Cartilage
Description:Cells in firm solid-gel matrix; weblike elastic fibers
Function: Supports; protects; provides flexible framework
Bone
Description: Cells in solid matrix; many collagen fibers
Function: Supports; protects; provides framework
Blood
Description: Cells in platelets in fluid matrix called plasma
Function: Transports nutrients, wastes, and gases; defends against disease; clotting
Location of Areolar Connective (loose connective)?
Around body organs; binds skin to deeper organs
Location of Adipose (loose connective)?
Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer); around the kidneys and heart; yellow bone marrow; breasts
Location of Reticular Connective (loose connective)?
Spleen; thymus; lymph nodes; red bone marrow
Location of Dense Regular Connective (dense)?
Tendons; ligaments
Location of Dense Irregular Connective (dense)?
Dermis; heart valves; periosteum on bone
Location of Elastic Connective (dense)?
Larger artery walls; vocal cords; some ligaments between vertebrae
Location of Hyaline Cartilage?
Nasal septum; larynx; costal cartilage; ends of lone bones; fetal skeleton
Location of Fibrocartilage?
Between vertebrae; between pubic bones; pads (meniscus) in knee
Location of Elastic Cartilage?
Outer ear; epiglottis
Location of compact bone?
Bone shafts; beneath periosteum
Location of blood (liquid connective)?
lumens of blood vessels; heart chambers
Location of lymph (liquid connective)?
Lumens of lymphatic vessels
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Description: single thin layer; flattened cells
Function: diffusion; osmosis; secretion
Location: Air sacs (alveoli) of lungs walls of capillaries; linings of blood vessels and ventral body cavity
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Description: Single layer; cube-shaped cells
Functions: Secretion; absorption
Location: Surface of ovaries; linings of kidney tubules; linings of ducts of certain glands
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Description: Single layer; elongated narrow cells; some ciliated
Functions: Protection; secretion; absorption
Location: Linings of uterus, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Description: Single layer; elongated cells; some cells do not reach free surface; often ciliated
Functions: Protection; secretions; movement of mucus and substances
Locations: linings of respiratory passages
Stratified squamous epithelium
Description: Many layers; top cells flattened; keratinized surface cells of epidermis
Functions: Protection; resists abrasion
Locations: Epidermis of skin; linings of oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Description: 2-3 layers; cube-shaped cells
Functions: Protection; secretion
Location: Linings of larger ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas
Stratified columnar epithelium
Description: Superficial layer of elongated cells; basal layers of cube-shaped cells
Functions: Protection; secretion
Location: Part of the male urethra; parts of the pharynx
Transitional epithelium
Description: Many layers; cube-shaped and elongated cells; thinner layers when stretched
Functions: Distensibility; protection
Location: Linings of urinary bladder and ureters and part of urethra
What is Histology?
The study of tissues
What are the four major types of tissues?
- ) Epithelial-covers the body’s external and internal surfaces and most glands.
- ) Connective-binds and supports parts
- ) Muscle-make movement possible
- ) Nervous-conduct impulses from one part of the body to another and help control and coordinate body activities.
What is bone composed of?
- ) bone tissue
- ) cartilage
- ) blood
- ) nervous tissue
What is the total human skeletal number?
207
During embryonic and fetal development much of the supportive tissue is cartilage? T or F?
True
Location of articular cartilage?
1.) Movable joints
Location of costal cartilage?
1.) Connects the ribs to the sternum
Location of hyaline cartilage?
- ) Composes the articular cartilage
2. ) Composes the costal cartilage
Location of fibrocartilage?
1.) Between vertebrae
Osteon
- ) cylinder-shaped units of compact bone structure
2. ) contain central canal (includes blood vessels & nerves in living bone
Location of osteocytes (cells)?
- ) concentric circles w/in lacunae (small space)
- ) Pass through canaliculi (allows for transport of nutrients/waste between cells and central canal
- ) Extracellular waste occupies most of the area of an osteon
Where are osteocytes located at in spongy bone?
1.) w/in a lattice of bony plates called trabeculae
A function of canaliculi?
1.) allows for diffusion of substances b/tween cells and marrow that is positioned b/tween the trabeculae
Long (bone)
- ) femur
- ) humerus
- ) phalanges
Short (bone)
- ) carpals
2. ) tarsals
Flat (bone)
- ) ribs
- ) scapula
- ) most cranial bones
Irregular (bone)
- ) vertebra
2. ) some facial bones as sphenoid
Sesamoid (round bone)
1.) patella
Osteon
1.) cylinder-shaped unit
Central canal (Haversian canal; osteonic canal)
1.) contains blood vessels and nerves
Lamella
1.) concentric ring of matrix around central canal
Lacuna
1.) small chamber for an osteocyte
Bone extracellular matrix
1.) collagen and calcium phosphate
Canaliculus
1.) minute tube containing cellular process
Epiphysis
- ) proximal-nearest torso
2. ) distal-farthest from torso
Epiphyseal plate
1.) growth zone of hyaline cartilage
Articular cartilage
1.) on ends of epiphyses
Diaphysis
1.) shaft between epiphyses
Periosteum
- ) membrane around bone of dense irregular connective tissue.
- ) Not around articular cartilage
Compact (dense) bone
1.) forms diaphysis and epiphyseal surfaces
Spongy (cancellous) bone
1.) w/in epiphyses trabeculae (structural lattice of plates in spongy bone
Medullary (marrow) cavity
1.) hollow chamber
Endosteum
1.) thin membrane lining medullary cavity of reticular connective tissue
Yellow bone marrow
1.) occupies medullary cavity and stores adipose tissue
Red bone marrow
1) occupies spongy bone in some epiphyses and flat bones and produces blood cells
A bone that has a wide surface is classified as?
1.) Flat
A bone of the wrist are examples of?
1.) Short bones
The bone of the thigh is an example of a?
1.) Long bone
Vertebrae are examples of?
1.) Irregular bone
The patella is an example of a large?
1.) Semasoid (round) bone
The bones of the skull that form a protective covering for the brain are examples of?
1.) Flat bones
Distinguish between the epiphysis and the diaphysis of a long bone.
- ) epiphysis-ends
2. ) diaphysis-shaft
Describe where cartilage is found on the surface of a long bone.
1.) Ends or edges
Describe where the periosteum is found on the surface of a long bone.
1.) On the outside of the bone.
Distinguish the locations and tissues between the periosteum and the endosteum.
- ) Periosteum-located in medullary cavity
2. ) Endosteum-outside of medullary cavity
What structural differences did you note between compact bone and spongy bone?
- ) Spongy-spaces
2. ) Compact-solid
How are these structural differences related to the locations and functions of these two types of bone?
?
From your observations, how does the marrow in the medullary cavity compare w/ the marrow in the spaces of the spongy bone?
?
The vertebral column does not include a?
1.) Rib
The_______bone is part of the pectoral girdle.
1.) Scapula
A_________is a very large projection on a bone.
1.)Trochanter
A_________is a shallow basin depression.
1.) Fossa
Bones that might form in the skull, but are not considered in the total number, are?
1.) Sesamoid bones
The_________is a bone in the upper limb.
1.) Ulna
A_________is a depression type of bone feature (bone marking)?
1.) Sulcus
(Axial Skeleton) Skull
- ) Cranium
- ) Face
- ) Middle ear bone
- ) Hyoid bone-supports tongue
(Axial Skeleton) Vertebral Column
- ) Vertebra
- ) Sacrum
- ) Coccyx
(Axial Skeleton) Thoracic Cage
- ) Rib
2. ) Sternum
(Appendicular Skeleton) Pectoral Girdle
- ) Scapula
2. ) Clavicle
(Appendicular Skeleton) Upper Limbs
- ) Humerus
- ) Radius
- ) Ulna
- ) Carpal
- ) Metacarpal
- ) Phalanx
(Appendicular Skeleton) Pelvic Girdle
1.) Hip bone (coxal bone, pelvic bone; innominate bone.
(Appendicular Skeleton) Lower Limbs
- ) Femur
- ) Tibia
- ) Fibula
- ) Patella
- ) Tarsal
- ) Metatarsal
- ) Phalanx
Projections: Sites for tendon and ligament attachment.
- ) Crest-ridgelike
- ) Epicondyle-superior to condyle
- ) Line (linea)-slightly raised ridge
- ) Process-prominent
- ) Protuberance-outgrowth
- ) Ramus-extensions
- ) Spine-thornlike
- ) Trochanter-large
- ) Tubercle-small knoblike
- ) Tuberosity-rough elevation
Articulations: where bone connect at a joint or articulate w/ each other.
- ) Condyle-rounded process
- ) Facet-nearly flat
- ) Head-expanded end
Depressions; recessed areas in bones.
- ) Alveolus-socket
- ) Fossa-shallow basin
- ) Fovea-tiny pit
- ) Notch-indentation on edge
- ) Sulcus-narrow groove
Openings: open spaces in bones.
- ) Canal-tubular passage
- ) Fissure-slit
- ) Foramen-hole
- ) Meatus-tubelike opening
- ) Sinus-cavity
Rounded process?
1.) Condyle
Small, nearly flat articular surface?
1.) Facet
Deep depression or shallow basin?
1.) Fossa
Opening or hole?
1.) Foramen
Projection extension?
1.) Ramus
Ridgelike projection?
1.) Crest
Slightly raised ridge?
1.) Line
Tubelike opening?
1.) Meatus
Tiny pit or depression?
1.) Fovea
Small, knoblike projection?
1.) Tubercle
Thornlike projection?
1.) Spine
Rounded enlargement at end of bone?
1.) Head
Air-filled cavity w/in bone?
`1.) Sinus
Relatively large process?
1.) Trochanter
The extra bones that sometimes develop between the flat bones of the skull are called?
1.) Sutral
Small bones occurring in some tendons are called?
1.) Sesamoid
The cranium and facial bones compose the?
1.) SKull
The_____bone supports the tongue?
1.) Hyoid
The______at the inferior end of the sacrum is composed of several fused vertebrae?
1.) Coccyx
Most ribs are attached anteriorly to the?
1.) Sternum
The thoracic cage is composed of_____pair of ribs?
1.) 12
The scapulae and clavicles together form the_________?
1.) Pectoral girdle
Which of the following bones is not part of the appendicular skeleton; clavicle, femur, scapula, sternum?
1.) Sternum
The wrist is composed of eight bones called?
1.) Carpals
The hip bones (coxal bones) are attached posteriorly to the?
1.) Sacrum
The _______bone covers the anterior surface of the knee?
1.) Patella
The bones that articulate w/ the distal ends of the tibia and fibula are called_____?
1.) Tarsals
All fingers and toes bones are called?
1.) Phalanges
The most superior bone of the vertebral column is the?
1.) Atlas
The vertebral column possesses?
1.) 4 curvatures
Human have_______pairs of true ribs?
1.) 7
The_________ribs do not have costal cartilage attachments to the sternum.
1.) Floating
Humans possess_________cervical vertebrae.
1.) 7
The superior end of the sacrum articulates w/ the?
1.) Coccyx
The anterior (sternal) end of a rib articulates w/ a thoracic vertebra. T or F?
1.)False
All cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae possess a vertebral foramen. T or F?
1.) False
A feature of the second cervical vertebra is the dens. T or F?
1.) True
The vertical column encloses and protects the?
1.) Spinal cord
The vertebral column extends from the skull to the?
1.) Pelvis
The seventh cervical vertebra is called ________and has an obvious spinous process surface feature that can be palpated.
1.) Vertebra prominens
The_____________of the vertebrae support the weight of the head and trunk?
1.) Body
The__________separate adjacent vertebrae, and they soften the forces created by walking.
1.) Intervertebral Discs
The intervertebral foramina provide passageways for________?
1.) Spinal nerves
Transverse foramina of_______________vertebrae serve as passageways for blood vessels leading to the brain.
1.) Cervical
The first vertebra also is called the?
1.) Atlas
When the head is moved from side to side, the first vertebra pivots around the___________of the second vertebra.
1.) Dens (odontoid process)
The____________vertebra have the largest and strongest bodies.
1.) Lumbar
The number of vertebrae that fuse in the adult to form the sacrum is?
1.) 5
The manubrium, body, and xiphoid process form a bone called the?
1.) Sternum
The last two pairs of ribs that have no cartilaginous attachments to the sternum are sometimes called_____ribs.
1.) Floating
There are______pairs of true ribs.
1.) 7
Costal cartilages are composed of ______tissue.
1.) Hyaline
The manubrium articulates w/ the _______on its superior border.
1.) Clavicles
List three general functions of the thoracic cage.
- ) Protects heart, lungs, some abdominal organs
- ) Supports bones of shoulder girdle and arm
- ) Helps you breathe
The sternal angle indicates the location of the_________pair of ribs.
1.) True
The clavicle and the scapula form the?
1.) Pectoral girdle
Anatomically, arm represents?
1.) Shoulder to elbow
Which of the following is not part of the scapula?
1.) Manubrium
Which carpal is included in the proximal row?
1.) Lunate
Which of the following is the most proximal part of the upper limb?
1,.) Head of humerus
Which of the following is the most distal feature of the humerus?
1.) Capitulum
The capitate is one of the eight carpals in a wrist. T or F?
1,.) True
The clavicle articulates with the sternum and the humerus. T or F?
1.) False?
The pectoral girdle is an incomplete ring b/c it is open in the back between the?
1.) Scapulae
The medial end of a clavicle articulates w/ the_________of the sternum.
- Manubrium
The lateral end of a clavicle articulates w/ the___________process of the scapula.
1.) Acromion
The_________________________is a bone that serves as a brace between the sternum and the scapula.
1.) Clavicle
The_______________________divides the scapula into unequal portions.
1.) Spine
The lateral tip of the shoulder is the______________of the scapula.
1.) Acromian
Near the lateral end of the scapula, the_________________process of the scapula curves anteriorly and inferiorly from the clavicle.
1.) Coracoid process
The glenoid cavity of the scapula articulates w/ the_________of the humerus.
1.) Head
The pelvic girdle consists of two_________?
1.) Coxae or coxal bone
The head of the femur articulates w/ the________of the hip bone.
1.) Acetobulum
The_______is the largest portion of the hip bone.
1.) ilium
The distance between the________represents the shortest diameter of the pelvic outlet.
1.) Ischial spines
The pubic bones come together anteriorly to form a cartilaginous joint called the_________?
1.) Symphysis pubis
The_______is the superior martin of the ilium that causes the prominence of the hip.
1.) iliac crest
When a person sits, the______of the ischium supports the weight of the body.
1.) Tuberosity
The angle formed by the pubic bones below the pubic symphysis is called the________.
1.) Pubic arch
The________is the largest foramen in the skeleton.
1.) Obturator foraman
The ilium joins the sacrum at the_______ joint.
1.) Sacroiliac
The two hip bones articulate anteriorly at the?
1.) Pubic symphysis
Anatomically, leg refers to?
1.) Knee to ankle
The_________is the largest portion of the hip bone?
1.) Ilium
The_________is the lateral bone in the leg.
1.) Fibula
Which of the following bones is not a tarsal bone?
1.) Metatarsal
The ilium, ischium, and pubis are separate bones in a young child. T or F
1.) True
Ischial spines, ischial tuberosities, and iliac crests are closer tougher in a pelvis of a female than in a pelvis of a male. T or F
False
Each digit of a foot has three phalanges. T or F
False
Hip Bone (coxal bone; pelvic bone; innominate bone)
Ilium:
Iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac spine, greater sciatic notch-portion in ischium, iliac fossa
Hip Bone (coxal bone; pelvic bone; innominate bone)
Ischium:
ischial tuberosity-supports weight of body when seated, ischial spine, ischial ramus, lesser sciatic notch
Hip Bone (coxal bone; pelvic bone; innominate bone)
Pubis:
Pubic symphysis-cartilaginous joint between pubic bones, pubic tubercle, superior pubic rams, inferior pubic rams, pubic arch-between pubic bones of pelvis
Acetabulum-formed by portions of ilium, ischium, and pubis
Obturator foramen-formed by portions of ischium and pubis
Femur
Proximal features:
head, fovea capitis, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter
Femur (shaft)
Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera
Femur (distal features)
Lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, lateral condyle, medial condyle
Tibia
Medial condyle, lateral condyle, tibial tuberosity, anterior border (crest; margin), medial malleolus
Fibula
Head, lateral malleolus
Tarsal bones
Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate (middle) cuneiform, medial cuneiform
Phalanges
Proximal phalanx, middle phalanx-absent in first digit (thumb), distal phalanx
Fewer bones equal?
Fewer sutures, more protection
What is an orbit?
Eye socket
Pest of 6 (fix this card)
Pest=parietal, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporals
of=occipital, frontal
Sphenoid bone (sella turcica)
House’s the pituitary gland (sella turcica)
Ethmoid bone
Perpendicular plate divides nasal septum into two parts in a sagital plane. Cribriform-olfactory nerves. Crista galli looks like a rooster’s comb.
Ethmoid bone (nasal conchae)
Scroll-like structures that will create a turbulence of air flow. This slows down the air and gives you time to humidify the air before you send it to your lungs.
Inferior conchae
Not part of ethmoid bone, it is its own separate bone.
What are fontanels?
(means little fountain) spaces b/tween unfused cranial bones in infancy. Typically last 2 years and function in that they have a little bit of give when they are going through the birthing canal.
Facial bones (look at lab)
Virgil can not make my pet zebra laugh
Vomer, conchae, nasal, maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal
Maxillae
For easy sinus memorization
Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary
7 bones of the orbit.
Every student fancies learning zillions more parts
Ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine
Nasal cavity
Lateral, inferior nasal concha wall
Auditory bones pneumonic
MIS something: M=malleus, I=incus, and S=stapes
How is the hyoid bone unique?
Does not form a joint w/ any other bone.
The vertebral column
C1-C7-cervical, T1-T12 Thoracic, L1-L5 Lumbar, 4 fused coccyx
What do you see from the lateral vertebrae view?
The intervertebral foramen, spinal cord fits in vertebral foramen. Spinal nerves exits through this foramen
Greatest range of motion in vertebrae?
the cervical region.
Least range of motion in vertebrae?
the lumbar region
Thoracic movement is
has less movement compared to cervical but more than lumbar
What are intervertebral disc composed of?
Nucleus pulpous (contains most water) and annulus fibrosus
Atlas and occipital condyles allows us to shake our head?
yes
Pneumonic for skin layers
Come lets get sunburned:
Cornem, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
