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Principles - Anatomy > Anatomy L9 - How do we Taste, Chew and Swallow? > Flashcards

Anatomy L9 - How do we Taste, Chew and Swallow? Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gastrointestinal tract/digestive tract?

A

It is one continuos “tube” commencing at the oral cavity and ending at the anus

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2
Q

What lines the tube of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa

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3
Q

What do the walls of the GI tube consist of?

A

Smooth muscle

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4
Q

What is the 3 main purposes of the GI tract?

A

Introduce food
Digest and absorb nutrients
Excrete the residual waste

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5
Q

What parts of the GI tract are in the head?

A

The oral cavity and the pharynx

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6
Q

What parts of the GI tract are in the neck?

A

The pharynx and oesophagus

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7
Q

What part of the GI tract is in the chest?

A

The oesophagus

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8
Q

What parts of the GI tracts are in the abdomen?

A

The stomach, small intestines, most of the large intestines and most accessory organs of the GI tracts

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9
Q

What part of the GI tract are in the pelvis?

A

The rectum and anal canal

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10
Q

What part of the GI tract are in the perineum?

A

The anus

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11
Q

Name all the main parts of the GI tract in order from head to perineum

A

The oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, accessory organs, rectum, anal canal and anus

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12
Q

What does the oral cavity do?

A

Sensing/tasting
Salivation/lubrication
Chewing
Initiating swallowing

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13
Q

What does the pharynx do?

A

Defence against infection (tonsils)
Swallowing - conduit for food and liquid
Airway protection - coughing and vomiting
Conduit for respiratory gases - nasal or oral cavity to larynx

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14
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

It protects the epiglottis

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15
Q

What does the oesophagus do?

A

Transfers food/liquid from the pharynx to the stomach

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16
Q

What does the stomach and small intestines do?

A

Transit
Defence against infection (acid)
Digestion and Absorption
the muscles in the stomach mix the food up

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17
Q

What does the large intestine and anus do?

A

Transit
Reabsorption of water and electrolytes
Stool formation
Waste excretion

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18
Q

What are ball of food called?

A

Bolus

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19
Q

What does the upper GI tract consist of?

A 
Oral Cavity
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
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20
Q

What does the lower GI tract consist of?

A

The large intestine (Caecum, appendix, colon and rectum)
Anal canal
Anus

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21
Q

How does the GI tract protect itself from poisons?

A

“Special” sensory receptors: taste buds

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22
Q

How does the GI tract protect itself from sharp or excessively hot/cold substances?

A

“General” sensory receptors (for touch, pain, temperature and etc)

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23
Q

How does the GI tract protect itself from bacteria/viruses?

A

Saliva, tonsils and stomach acid

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24
Q

How does the GI tract protect itself from “obstructions” - things getting stuck in the upper GI tract!

A

Chewing, lubrication, swallowing and peristalsis!

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25
Q

How does the GI tract protect itself from things being inhaled into the respiratory tract (aspiration)?

A

Coughing reflex

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26
Q

Describe the oral cavity?

A

Big space filled with tongue. Has a hard and soft pallet. The soft pallet is closed of from the Nasopharynx. The lips seal the front of the oral cavity. The oropharynx is the posterior boundary of the oral cavity

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27
Q

What is mastication?

A

Chewing - the opening and closing of the jaw

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28
Q

What joints control the opening an closing of the jaw?

A

The right and left temporomandibular joints (TMJs)

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29
Q

The tempromandibular joints control the opening and closing of the jaw. What type of joints are they?

A

They are synovial joints between mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone and the head of the condylar process of the mandible

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30
Q

What group of muscles span the tempromandibular joints and bring about opening and closing of the jaw!

A

The muscles of mastication

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31
Q

Name the four muscles of mastication!

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid

32
Q

What group of voluntary skeletal muscle contract to make facial expressions?

A

The muscles of facial expression

33
Q

Where do the muscles of facial expression attach?

A

They attach between the bones of the face and the superficial fascia just deep to the skin of the face

34
Q

What muscles control the lips and how are they arranged?

A

Orbicularis oris muscles are circularly arranged around the lips and the contraction draws the lips together. Produces an anterior oral seal that prevents dribbling during chewing and swallowing

35
Q

Name the areas of the oral cavity!

A 
Upper dental arch
the arches of the soft palate
"Palatine tonsil"
Uvula of soft palette
Lower dental arch
Hard palate
Soft palate
Gingivae (gums)
36
Q

What internally lines the oral cavity?

A

Mucosa membrane

37
Q

Describe the mucosa membrane of the oral cavity?

A

Covered with stratified squamous epithelium for its protection but has surface keratin (only on the gingivae and hard palate) for their protection while chewing

38
Q

What is the most sensitive region?

A

The oral cavity. Can sense pain. temperature, touch, propioception and taste

39
Q

What is the tongue made of?

A

Skeletal muscle

40
Q

What covers the surface of the tongue?

A

Mucosa

41
Q

What is located on the dorsum of the tongue?

A

4 different types of papilla. Gives rise to rough appearance

42
Q

What are the jobs of the papilla on the tongue?

A

Some papillae simply give surface texture to help the tongue manipulate food. Other papillae are concerned with the special sense of taste

43
Q

Name the 2 parts that the tongue is separated into!

A

The posterior 1/3rd - the vertical part which is not in the oral cavity (in the oropharynx)
The anterior 2/3rd - the horizontal part in the oral cavity

44
Q

The tongue is suspend in the oral cavity by what?

A

4 pairs of skeletal muscle know as the extrinsic muscles of the tongue - muscles that originate external to the tongue and insert into the tongue. They move the tongue around in the oral cavity during mastication, swallowing and speech

45
Q

What do the 4 pairs of extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

They move the tongue around in the oral cavity during mastication, swallowing and speech

46
Q

What do the 4 pairs of intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

Modify the shape of the tongue during function

47
Q

What is the buccinator?

A

Muscle of the cheek

48
Q

What does the buccinator do?

A

With the help of the tongue the buccinator acts to position the food bolus between the occlusal (biting) surface of the teeth for mastication

49
Q

What is the occlusion?

A

It is how the occlusal (biting) surfaces of the upper and lower teeth fit together

50
Q

How many teeth does an adult have?

A

32

51
Q

How are the teeth labeled?

A

Into 4 quadrants, the upper left, lover left, upper right, lower right. And then labeled 1-8

52
Q

Describe saliva!

A

Saliva is 99% water but is a solute to allow tasting to occur. It contains a lubricant (mucin) to aid swallowing an speech and for keeping the mucosa moist. It is a buffer for plaque acids and also contains antimicrobial elements (and amylase to begin digestion)

53
Q

Name the 3 pairs (right and left) of MAJOR salivary glands? These produce 90% of our saliva.

A 
Parotid glands (near the ear)
Submandibular glands (under the mandible)
Sublingual glands (under the tongue)
54
Q

Where are the MINOR salivary glands located?

A

Oral mucosa

55
Q

What is the role of the MINOR salivary glands?

A

Basal secretion - background and continuous to keep the mouth moist

56
Q

Where are the parotid glands located?

A

Near the ear

57
Q

Where are the submandibular glans located?

A

Under the mandible

58
Q

Where are the sublingual glands located?

A

Under the tongue

59
Q

What is a stimulus for salivation?

A
  1. Thought, sight, smell of food or presence of food in the mouth
  2. Painful oral conditions e.g. teething or fractured mandible
60
Q

What is the muscular tube of the pharynx lined with?

A

Non-keritenised stratified squamous mucosa

61
Q

Is the muscle of the pharynx voluntary or involuntary?

A

All voluntary skeletal muscle

62
Q

What does the mucosa of the pharynx contain?

A

Tonsils

63
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx

A

The nasopharynx
The oropharynx
The laryngopharynx

64
Q

Describe the nasopharynx!

A

The area of the pharynx that lies posterior to the nasal cavities and superior to the soft palate

65
Q

Describe the oropharynx!

A

The area of the pharynx that lies posterior to the oral cavity and between the tongue, soft palate and epiglottis

66
Q

Describe the laryngopharynx

A

That area of the pharynx hat lies posterior to the larynx and between the epiglottis and oesophagus

67
Q

What body system are the tonsils part of?

A

The lymphatic system

68
Q

Where are the tonsils located?

A

Within the mucosa of the nasopharynx and oropharynx

69
Q

What do the tonsils produce?

A

White blood cells

70
Q

What does Waldeyer’s ring of tonsils do?

A

Defence against invading pathogens

71
Q

What part of the pharynx contains the skeletal muscles involved in swallowing?

A

Posterior and lateral

72
Q

Describe the inner vertically arranged layer of longitudinal muscles of the pharynx!

A

Attach inferiorly to the larynx
Contract during swallowing to shorten the pharynx - reduce bolus transit time
Contraction also raises the larynx
Raising the larynx towards the epiglottis closes the laryngeal inlet

73
Q

Describe the outer circularly arranged layer of constrictor muscles of the pharynx (superior, middle an inferior constriction of pharynx)!

A 
Sequentially contract (from superior to inferior)
Push the food bolus inferiorly into the oesophagus (like peristalsis)
74
Q

What is the laryngeal inlet?

A

Opening into the larynx for air

75
Q

Why is it dangerous if swallowing goes wrong

A

It is dangerous because of the common ground (oropharynx and laryngopharynx) that the upper GI and respiratory tract

76
Q

Describe the muscle in the oesophagus?

A

Gradual transition from skeletal muscle proximally to smooth muscle distally

77
Q

What lines the oesophagus internally?

A

It is internally lined with non-keratinised stratified squamous mucosa - to enable it to be wear and tear resistant

Principles - Anatomy (1 decks)

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