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Anatomy III > Anatomy III > Flashcards

Anatomy III Flashcards

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1
Q

What surrounds & protects the kidneys?

A

perirenal fat pads

aka perirenal fat capsule

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2
Q

Where do the adrenal glands attach?

A

to the diaphragm

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3
Q

Describe the cortex & medulla of the adrenal glands

A

C - secretes corticosteroids

M - postsynaptic sympathetic cells, neuron like, secretes epinephrine

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4
Q

Where are the kidneys usually located?

A

between T12 & L2

by pelvis in fetus

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5
Q

What is an ectopic or horseshoe kidney?

A

e - nonnormal location

h - kidneys stuck together, urine doesn’t drain as well & inc. risk of kidney stones

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6
Q

Describe the structure of the kidneys

A
  1. Superior pole - top
  2. Inferior pole - bottom
  3. Central hilum - for vessels
  4. Renal capsule (tough)
  5. Cortex - where filtration occurs
  6. Medulla - has collecting ducts w/ pyramids
  7. Calyces - where urine drains (minor & major)
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7
Q

Describes the calyces in the kidneys

A

where urine drains

minor - collects directly from pyramids, drain into major calyces

major - drains into renal pelvis & into ureter

renal sinus - space surrounding calyces

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8
Q

What is the space surrounding the kidneys?

A

renal sinus

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9
Q

Describe the ureters

A 
muscular tube, 3-4 mm diameter
smooth muscle = peristalsis
retroperitoneal
courses over top of iliac artery & vein where they bifurcate 
drain into bottom of urinary bladder
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10
Q

Where do stones typically develop in the ureters?

A

where the iliac artery & vein bifurcate

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11
Q

Where do the ureters drain?

A

bottom of the urinary bladder

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12
Q

What is the ureterovesical valve?

A

sphincter where ureter & bladder meet
opens from peristalsis from ureters
-prevents back flow b/c bladder always squeezes

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13
Q

What supports the urinary bladder?

A

supported by pubic bones & symphysis

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14
Q

Describe the urinary bladder

A

muscular wall = detrusor muscle
urachus - suspends from anterior abdominal wall by apex
lined w/ rugae
trigone - 3 openings

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15
Q

What is the urachus?

A

it suspends the bladder from the anterior abdominal wall

-was a tube as a fetus

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16
Q

What is a patent urachus?

A

urachus doesn’t completely close

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17
Q

Where does the uterus rest?

A

on top of the bladder

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18
Q

Describe the urethra

A

small muscular tube
internal urethral sphincter - smooth muscle
external urethral sphincter - skeletal muscle
(sphincters ~ 1 in.)

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19
Q

How long is the urethra in a woman?

A

1.5 in

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20
Q

How long is the urethra in a man?

A

8 in.

  1. Prosthetic
  2. Membranous
  3. Penile
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21
Q

What is contained in the antero-inferior abdominal wall?

A
  1. Pubic symphysis
  2. Pubic crest
  3. Superior ramus of pubis
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22
Q

What is contained in the lateral pelvic cavity?

A
  1. Obturator fascia

2. Obturator internus muscle

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23
Q

What is contained in the posterior pelvic wall & roof?

A
  1. Sacrum
  2. Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
  3. Piriformus muscle
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24
Q

What is contained in the pelvic floor?

A
  1. Perineal membrane
  2. Puborectalis
  3. Pubococcygeus
  4. Iliococcygeus
  5. Coccygeus muscle
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25
Q

What are the parts of the levator ani muscle?

A
  1. Puborectalis
  2. Pubococcygeus
  3. Iliococcygeus
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26
Q

What arteries directly branch of the aorta?

A
  1. Inferior phrenic
  2. Middle adrenal
  3. Celiac trunk
  4. Superior mesenteric
  5. Renal
  6. Gonadal
  7. Inferior mesenteric
  8. Common iliac
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27
Q

The abdominal veins drain into the inferior vena cava except!

A
  1. Gonadal - R to IVC
    L to L renal vein
  2. Mesenteric, splenic, gastric to hepatic portal vein
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28
Q

Describe the male pelvic cavity

A
  1. Hiatus for urethra
  2. Perineal membrane to support prostate
  3. Hiatus for deep dorsal vein
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29
Q

What brings the testes closer to the penis?

A

gubernaculum

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30
Q

What is the testis peritoneum called?

A

tunica vaginalis

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31
Q

What produces sperm?

A

seminiferous tubules

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32
Q

What is the capsule around the testes?

A

tunica albuginea

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33
Q

Describe the pathway of the testes

A
  1. Seminiferous tubules
  2. Rete testis
  3. Efferent ductules
  4. Epididymal duct
  5. Vas deferens
  6. Ampulla
  7. Ejaculatory duct
  8. Urethra
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34
Q

Where does the seminal vesicle drain?

A

into the ejaculatory duct

provides ~75% of seminal fluid

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35
Q

Name the prostate lobes

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Median
  3. Lateral (2)
  4. Posterior
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36
Q

Describe the median lobe of the prostate

A

1st to become enlarged
hard time emptying bladder
active glandular

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37
Q

Describe the anterior lobe of the prostate

A

strengthens urethra

nonglandular

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38
Q

Describe the posterior lobe of the prostate

A

flat
palpable through rectum
highest chance for cancer

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39
Q

Which lobe of the prostate is 1st to become enlarged?

A

median lobe

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40
Q

Which lobe of the prostate strengthens the urethra?

A

anterior lobe

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41
Q

Which lobe of the prostate is palpable through the rectum?

A

posterior lobe

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42
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

A

secretes during arousal to clean out urethra

aka Cowper’s glands
ducts into inferior aspect of urethra

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43
Q

Describe the corpus spongiosum of the penis

A

contains urethra

  1. Bulb
  2. Pedicel
  3. Glans
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44
Q

Describe the corpus cavernosum of the penis

A
  1. Scapus (shaft)

2. 2 crura - connected to ischia

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45
Q

Describe the arteries of the penis

A
  1. Dorsal - feeds corpus spongiosum (enters glans)

2. Deep - feeds corpus cavernosum

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46
Q

Where do the veins in the penis drain?

A

the deep dorsal vein

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47
Q

What are the muscles of the penis?

A
  1. Bulbospongiosus

2. Ischiocavernosus

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48
Q

Describe the bulbospongiosus muscle of the penis

A

Rhythmically contracts the urethra during climax

wrapped around base of corpus spongiosum

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49
Q

Describe the ischiocavernosus muscle of the penis

A

tenses to maintain an erection

50
Q

How is the penis suspended

A

suspensory ligament

attaches to pubic symphysis

51
Q

Describe the female pelvic cavity

A
  1. Hiatus for deep dorsal vein of the clitorus
  2. Hiatus for urethra
  3. Hiatus for vagina
52
Q

What is the capsule surrounding the ovaries?

A

Tunica albuginea

has a bumpy surface due to follices

53
Q

What causes the ovaries to descend?

A

the ovarian ligament

54
Q

Describe the fallopian tubes

A
  1. Fimbriae - finger-like extensions that draws things into the tube
  2. Infundibulum - funnel
  3. Ampulla - most length of the tube
  4. Isthmus - where the tube is connected to the uterus
55
Q

What is the epoophoron?

A

the vestigial remnants of the epididymis

56
Q

Describe the tissue layers of the uterus

A

fundus, body, cervix

  1. Perimetrium - visceral serosa
  2. Myometrium - smooth muscle wall
  3. Endometrium - mucosal lining
57
Q

Name the openings from the uterus

A
  1. Uterine ostium - from fallopian tubes
  2. Internal os - proximal cervix
  3. External os - cervix to vagina
58
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

Hold the uterus to the lateral walls

59
Q

What is the round ligament?

A

aka ligamentum teres

enters the inguinal canal & connects uterus to labia

60
Q

Name the uterine ligaments

A
  1. Broad ligament

2. Round ligament

61
Q

Describe the vagina

A

flattened muscular tube
vestibule - entrance
fornix - top of vagina where cervix meets that can extend
rugae

62
Q

What are the glands of the vagina?

A
  1. Paraurethral gland - secretes prostatic fluid
  2. Greater vestibular glands

Vaginal transudate - capillaries leak during arousal

63
Q

What is the female version of the ampulla?

A

Vaginal Transudate

64
Q

What is the female version of the prostate?

A

Paraurethral gland

65
Q

What is the corpus spongiosum of the vagina?

A

Vestibular bulb - under labia

66
Q

What is the corpus cavernosum in the female?

A

Clitorus

-crura, scapus & glans

67
Q

In the vagina, where does the dorsal arteries drain?

A

vestibular bulbs

68
Q

In the vagina, where do the deep arteries drain?

A

Corpus cavernosum

69
Q

Where does the female erectile tissue drain?

A

into the deep dorsal vein

70
Q

Describe the vagina muscles

A
  1. Bulbospongiosus - contracts during climax

2. Ischiocavernosus - maintains erectus

71
Q

What is the clitorus suspended by?

A

the suspensory ligament

72
Q

Name the bones of the pelvic gurdle

A
  1. Ilium
  2. Ischium
  3. Pubic bone
73
Q

Name the lower limb bones

A
  1. Femur
  2. Tibia
  3. Fibula
  4. Patella
  5. Tarsals
  6. Metatarsals
  7. Phalanges
74
Q

Name the pelvic gurdle joints

A
  1. Sacroiliac - synovial joint

2. Pubic symphysis - joint via fibrocartilage disc

75
Q

Name the ligaments of the sacroiliac joints

A 
Main:
1. anterior
2. posterior
3. interosseous sacroiliac
Accessory 
1. Iliolumbar
2. Sacrospinous
3. Sacrotuberous
76
Q

What are the ligaments in the pubic symphysis?

A

joint via fibrocartilage disc

superior & inferior pubic ligaments

77
Q

Name the limb joints

A
  1. Coxal
  2. Knee
  3. Tibiofibular
  4. Talocrural
  5. Transverse tarsal
  6. Tarsometatarsal
  7. Metatarsalphalangeal
  8. Interphalangeal
78
Q

What is different about the acetabulum?

A

it is not complete inferiorly

it is completed by the transverse acetabular ligament

79
Q

Name the ligaments of the coxal joint

A
  1. Intracapsular
  2. Extracapsular - iliofemoral
    pubofemoral
    ischiofemoral
80
Q

What is a broken hip?

A

the neck of the femur

bad b/c no periosteum

81
Q

What is a pelvic fracture?

A

os coxal fracture

82
Q

What are the articulations of the knee?

A

2 btwn femur & tibia

1 btwn femur & patella

83
Q

Where does the patella develop?

A

sesamoid bone
develops w/in tendon of quadriceps
forms groove = patellar track

84
Q

Describe the menisci of the knee

A
  1. Lateral - slightly mobile

2. Medial - fixed, most commonly injured

85
Q

Name the ligaments of the knee joint

A 
Extracapsular 
1. MCL
2. LCL
Intracapsular
1. ACL
2. PCL
3. Transverse
4. Posterior meniscofemoral
86
Q

Name the bursae of the knee jiont

A
  1. Prepatellar
  2. Superficial infrapatellar
  3. Deep infrapatellar
  4. Suprapatellar
  5. Lateral gastrocnemius
  6. Medial gastrocnemius
  7. LCL
  8. Biceps femoris (lateral hamstring)
  9. IT
  10. Semimembranous (medial hamstring)
  11. Anserine
87
Q

Name the tibiofilbular joints

A
  1. Superior tibiofibular
  2. Interosseous membrane
  3. Inferior tibiofibular
88
Q

Name the ligaments of the superior tibiofibular joint

A

synovial hinge joint

  1. Anterior ligament of fibular head
  2. Posterior ligament of fibular head
89
Q

Name the ligaments of the inferior tibiofibular joint

A

clamp joint - connects to ankle

  1. Anterior tibiofibular ligament
  2. Posterior tibiofibular ligament
90
Q

When is the clamp (tibiofibular joint) loosened?

A

during plantar flexion - toes pointed downward

91
Q

Name the ligaments of the talocrural joint

A 
Upper
1. Anterior & posterior tibiofibular ligaments
Lower
1. Lateral ligament - group of bands
anterior & posterior talofibular bands
calcaneofibular band
2. Medial ligament - 4 bands
anterior & posterior tibiotalar band
tibiocalcaneal band
tibionavicular band
92
Q

What is the most common ankle injury?

A

inversion sprain - lateral ligament

93
Q

What is a high ankle sprain?

A

a twisted ankle

anterior & posterior tibiofibular ligaments (clamp)

94
Q

What makes up the medial longitudinal arch?

A
  1. Tibialis posterior muscle
  2. Spring ligament
  3. Plantar fascia - maintains arch
95
Q

What happens with acute stress on the arch?

A

ex. standing, running on concrete
- plantar fasciitis

can lead to bone spurs (calcaneal)

96
Q

What happens with chronic stress on the arch?

A

ex. gradual wt gain, reduction of tibialis posterior contraction

  • Pes planus - flat foot
    leads to knee pain - anserine bursitis
97
Q

What innervates the lower limbs?

A
  1. Lumbar plexus - L2-L4

2. Sacral plexus - L4-S4

98
Q

Name the leads off the lumbar plexus

A
  1. Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
  2. Femoral nerve
  3. Obturator nerve - anterior
99
Q

Name the leads off the sacral plexus

A
  1. Superior gluteal
  2. Inferior gluteal
  3. Piriformis
  4. Posterior femoral cutaneous
  5. Sciatic
100
Q

What does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve innervate?

A

skin of lateral thigh

-posterior from lumbar plexus

101
Q

What does the femoral nerve innervate?

A

skin & muscles of anterior thigh & medial 1/2 of calf=saphenous nerve

-posterior from lumbar plexus

102
Q

What does the obturator nerve innervate?

A

Muscles & skin of medial thigh

-anterior from lumbar plexus

103
Q

What nerves innervate the gluteal region?

A
  1. Superior gluteal
  2. Inferior gluteal
  3. Piriformis
104
Q

What does the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve innervate?

A

skin of posterior thigh

105
Q

What innervates the skin of the booty?

A

Cluneal nerves

from dorsal rami of T12-L3, S1-S3

106
Q

Name the branches of the sciatic nerve

A 
sciatic to
1. Tibial to 
medial & lateral plantar
2. Common peroneal to 
deep & superficial peroneal
107
Q

What are the non-limb nerves from the sacral plexus?

A 
1. Nerve to pelvic floor 
levator ani
ischiococcygeus
2. Pudendal nerve
rectum
labia & scrotum
erectile tissue
108
Q

What arteries feed the adductor magnus?

A

perforating branches from deep femoral artery

109
Q

What are the superficial veins of the leg?

A
  1. Dorsal venous arch
  2. Great saphenous
  3. Small saphenous

Deeps veins named after arteries
Vena comitantes below knee
Singular veins above knee

110
Q

What muscles does the femoral nerve innervate?

A
  1. Pectineus
  2. Iliacus
  3. Sartorius
  4. Rectus femorus
  5. Vastus lateralis
  6. Vastus medialis
  7. Vastus intermedius
111
Q

What muscles does the obturator nerve innervate?

A
  1. Adductor Longus
  2. Adductor Brevis
  3. Adductor Magnus (sciatic too)
  4. Gracilis
  5. Obturator externus
112
Q

What muscles does the superior gluteal nerve innervate?

A
  1. Gluteus Medius
  2. Gluteus Minimus
  3. Tensor Fasciae Latae
113
Q

Which muscles aid in dorsiflexion of the ankle?

A
  1. Tibialis anterior
  2. Extensor digitorum longus
  3. Extensor hallicus longus
  4. Fibularis tertius
114
Q

Which muscles does the deep fibular nerve innervate?

A
  1. Tibialis anterior
  2. Extensor digitorum longus
  3. Extensor hallicus longus
  4. Fibularis tertius
  5. Extensor Hallicus Brevis
  6. Extensor Digitorum Brevis
115
Q

Which muscles does the superficial fibular nerve innervate?

A
  1. Fibularis longus

2. Fibularis brevis

116
Q

Which muscles attach to the calcaneus?

A

Via calcaneus tendon

  1. Gastrocnemius
  2. Soleus
  3. Plantaris
117
Q

Which muscles does the tibial nerve innervate?

A
  1. Gastrocnemius
  2. Soleus
  3. Plantaris
  4. Popliteus
  5. Flexor Hallicus Longus
  6. Flexor Digitorum Longus
  7. Tibialis Posterior
118
Q

Which muscles are involved in plantarflexion?

A
  1. Fibularis longus & brevis
  2. Gastrocne,ius
  3. Soleus
  4. Plantaris
119
Q

What muscles does the lateral plantar nerve innervate?

A
  1. Abductor Digiti Minimi
  2. Quadratus Plantae
  3. Adductor Hallicus
  4. Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
  5. Plantar Interossei
  6. Dorsal Interossei
120
Q

What nerves does the Medial Plantar Nerve innervate?

A
  1. Abductor Hallicus
  2. Flexor Digitorum Brevis
  3. Flexor Hallicus Brevis
121
Q

Which muscle is innervated by the medial & lateral plantar nerves?

A

Lumbricals

122
Q

Where is a common site for kidney stones in the ureters?

A

Where the iliac artery & vein bifurcate

Anatomy III (1 decks)

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