Anatomy II Lecture Exam I Flashcards
Hip Bone
Hip Bone
• Hip bone is also called os coxae & the ridiculous innominate
bone (the latter means “unnamed”)
• There are 3 parts of the Coxal bone (the ilium, ischium and
pubis) that fuse at the acetabulum.
• Conjunction of ischium and pubis forms the Obturator Foramen
Important Landmarks on the Coxal bone 1: Ilium
➢ Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
➢ Anetrior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)
➢ Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)
➢ Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS)
➢ Iliac Crest
➢ Iliac Fossa
➢ Greater Sciatic Notch
➢ Superior and Inferior Gluteal Lines
Important Landmarks on the Coxal bone: Ischium
➢ Ischial Spine
➢ Ischial Tuiberosity
➢ Ischial Ramus
➢ Lesser Sciatic Notch
Important Land marks on the Coxal bone: Pubis
➢ Superior Pubic Ramus
➢ Inferior Pubic Ramus
➢ Pubic Tubercle
➢ Pubic Crest
➢ Pectineal Line
Important Landmarks on the Coxal bone: Ilium
➢ Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
➢ Anetrior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)
➢ Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)
➢ Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS)
➢ Iliac Crest
➢ Iliac Fossa
➢ Greater Sciatic Notch
➢ Superior and Inferior Gluteal Lines
Important Landmarks on the Coxal bone: Ischium
➢ Ischial Spine
➢ Ischial Tuiberosity
➢ Ischial Ramus
➢ Lesser Sciatic Notch
Important Land marks on the Coxal bone: Pubis
➢ Superior Pubic Ramus
➢ Inferior Pubic Ramus
➢ Pubic Tubercle
➢ Pubic Crest
➢ Pectineal Line
Important Landmarks on the Coxal bone: Ilium
➢ Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
➢ Anetrior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)
➢ Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)
➢ Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS)
➢ Iliac Crest
➢ Iliac Fossa
➢ Greater Sciatic Notch
➢ Superior and Inferior Gluteal Lines
Important Landmarks on the Coxal bone: Ischium
➢ Ischial Spine
➢ Ischial Tuiberosity
➢ Ischial Ramus
➢ Lesser Sciatic Notch
Important Land marks on the Coxal bone: Pubis
➢ Superior Pubic Ramus
➢ Inferior Pubic Ramus
➢ Pubic Tubercle
➢ Pubic Crest
➢ Pectineal Line
Important Landmarks on the Coxal bone: Ilium
➢ Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
➢ Anetrior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)
➢ Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)
➢ Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS)
➢ Iliac Crest
➢ Iliac Fossa
➢ Greater Sciatic Notch
➢ Superior and Inferior Gluteal Lines
Important Landmarks on the Coxal bone: Ischium
➢ Ischial Spine
➢ Ischial Tuiberosity
➢ Ischial Ramus
➢ Lesser Sciatic Notch
Important Land marks on the Coxal bone: Pubis
➢ Superior Pubic Ramus
➢ Inferior Pubic Ramus
➢ Pubic Tubercle
➢ Pubic Crest
➢ Pectineal Line
pelvis
pelvis
• The pelvis is the bony
ring made up by the
two os coxae and the
sacrum.
• Within this ring are
three articulations: the
2 sacroiliac joints and
the pubic symphysis.
sacroiliac joint 1
SACROILIAC JOINT
• Auricular surfaces of
ilium & sacrum form
synovial part of the SI
joint
• The sacroiliac joint is actually 2 types of joints. A
synovial joint inferiorly and a syndesmosis
posteriosuperiorly.
Syndesmosis is in superior .. portion of the joint! Interroseis
sacrioiliac joint 2
SACROILIAC JOINT
• Auricular surfaces of
ilium & sacrum form
synovial part of the SI
joint
• The sacroiliac joint is actually 2 types of joints. A
synovial joint inferiorly and a syndesmosis
posteriosuperiorly.
Syndesmosis is in superior .. portion of the joint! Interroseis
=–
It is not uncommon for the sacroiliac joint to undergo stenosis (ossify) with age.
sacroiliac ligaments
iliolumbar
Sacroiliac ligaments
Ventral & dorsal sacroiliac
• Thickened regions of the sacroiliac joint capsule
Iliolumbar
• From iliac crest to TVP of L5
• limit rotation & anterior gliding of L5 in relation to the sacrum
• Limits side-bending of L5 in relation to pelvis
sacroiliac ligaments
interosseus sacroiliac
sacrotuberous
sacrospinous
stability of sacrum
Sacroiliac ligaments
Interosseus sacroiliac: Between iliac tuberosity & sacrum
• This forms a syndesmosis
Sacrotuberous: sacrum to ischial tuberosity
Sacrospinous: sacrum to ischial spine
• Form greater & lesser sciatic foramina
Stability of sacrum
Downward compression of the sacrum, due to
the weight of the upper body
causes interosseus ligaments to pull
ilium bones together to tighten joint
Anterior sacral rotation limited by ligaments
• Sacrotuberous
• Sacrospinous
• Interosseus sacroiliac
Nutation of sacroiliac joint
Nutation of sacroiliac joint
• Nutation is rotation or
tilting of sacrum around
axis through interosseus
ligaments (horizontal axis)
• Anterior nutation:
promontory moves inferior
and anterior, coccyx
superior and posterior
• Posterior nutation is the
opposite; AKA counter
nutation
• Nutation brings the iliac
crests closer together and
the ischial tuberosities
further apart, increasing
the size of the pelvic outlet.
Femur
Femur
• Head
• Neck – separated from the shaft
anteriorly by the intertrochanteric
line
• Greater Trochanter - lateral
• Lesser Trochanter - medial
• Linea aspera – ridge on
posterior aspect of shaft
• Gluteal tuberosity
• Med & lat condyles and
epicondyles
• Adductor tubercle – small
prominence at superior
Hip Joint
& ligaments
Hip Joint
The hip joint is a ball-and-socket synovial
joint between the head of the femur and
the acetabulum of the coxal bone.
Head of femur & acetabulum are
connected by ligaments.
• Transverse acetabular lig & acetabular
labrum (C-shaped cartilage lining)
– enlarge articular surface
• Ligamentum teres of head of femur
– from head to transverse acetabular lig.
Hip Joint Capsule
iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments
Hip Joint Capsule
There are 3 ligaments that make up the
main stabilizers of the hip joint.
• Iliofemoral - limits hyperextension of
femur
• Ischiofemoral – reinforces hip capsule
posteriorly
• Pubofemoral – reinforces hip capsule
inferiorly
All 3 ligaments wind around the hip joint
so that they tighten in extension.
The pubofemoral ligament also helps
limit abduction. Flexion of the hip
joint is limited primarily by the
hamstring muscles
Hip Joint vasculature
Hip Joint Vasculature
• Femoral neck derives blood from medial and lateral circumflex
femoral arteries. The femoral head receives blood from the
medial and lateral epiphyseal arteries. The medial epiphyseal
artery is also called the artery of the ligamentum teres and not
everyone has one. The lateral epiphyseal artery arises from the
medial femoral circumflex artery and is easily disrupted by
francture, dislocation, etc. This can lead to avascular necrosis of
femoral head.
psoas major
psoas minor
iliacus
PSOAS MAJOR
O: bodies, TVP’s of T12-L5
I: lesser trochanter of femur
N: L1-4 - “lumbar plexus”
A: lat flex vertebral column
flex femur at hip
PSOAS MINOR
O: bodies of T12-L1
I: pectineal line of the pubis
N: L1
A: weak flexor of the lumbar
spine
ILIACUS
O: iliac fossa
I: lesser trochanter
N: femoral n.
A: flex femur
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
O: iliac crest & sacrum/coccyx
I: gluteal tuberosity & iliotibial tract
N: inferior gluteal n.(L5, S1,2)
A: extend, lat rotate femur
Bursae are located between gluteus
max and ischial tuberosity & greater
trochanter
GLUTEUS MEDIUS
O: dorsal ilium
I: greater trochanter
N: superior gluteal n.(L5,S1)
A: abduct, med rotate femur;
during gait, supports body
on one leg while other leg
swings forward
GLUTEUS MINIMUS
O: dorsal ilium
I: greater trochanter
N: superior gluteal n.(L5,S1)
A: abduct, med rotate femur;
assists gluteus medius in
supporting the body during
gait
Tensor Fascia Lata
TENSOR FASCIA LATA
O: ASIS, Anterior Iliac Crest
I: Iliotibial tract–> lat condyle of tibia
N: superior gluteal n. (L4,5)
A: abduct, medially rotate, flex femur;
keep knee extended
Glut max and TFL both insert into iliotibial tract and maintain extended knee
Lateral Rotators
Obturator internus
superior & inferior gemelli
Quadratus femoris
obturator externus
Lateral Rotators
OBTURATOR INTERNUS
O: obturator membrane
I: greater trochanter (90degrees
around lesser sciatic notch)
N: nerve to obturator internus (L5,
S1)
A: lat rotate femur
SUPERIOR & INFERIOR GEMELLI
O: ischium
I: greater trochanter
N: nerves to obturator internus &
quad fem (L5,S1)
A: lateral rotate femur
QUADRATUS FEMORIS
O: ischial tuberosity
I: quadrate tubercle
N: nerve to quadratus femoris (L5,
S1)
A: lateral rotate femur
OBTURATOR EXTERNUS
O: obturator membrane (outer)
I: greater trochanter
N: obturator n. (L3,4)
A: lateral rotate femur
Another lateral rotator
OBTURATOR EXTERNUS
OBTURATOR EXTERNUS
O: obturator membrane (outer)
I: greater trochanter
N: obturator n. (L3,4)
A: lateral rotate femur
Another lateral rotator
piriformis
PIRIFORMIS
O: ant sacrum
I: greater trochanter
N: S 1,2
A: abduct, lat rotate
femur
Actions of Iliopsoas and Gluteal Muscles on the Femur
Actions of Iliopsoas and Gluteal Muscles on the Femur
Lumbar plexus
Lumbar plexus: ventral rami of L1-4
Sacral plexus
Sacral plexus: Ventral
rami from
L4,5 & S1,2,3
Sciatic nerve (L4,5 S1,2,3)
• Tibial nerve
• Common Fibular (Peroneal)
nerve
Superior gluteal nerve (L4,5 S1)
Inferior gluteal nerve (L5 S1,2)
Pudendal (S2,3,4)
• Anal & Urethral sphincters, External
genitalia
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh (S1,
2,3)
Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4,5 S1)
Nerve to obturator internus (L5 S1,2)
sciatic nerve
Sciatic nerve
• L4,5 S1,2,3 rami exit greater sciatic
foramen with piriformis
• Enters thigh between hamstrings &
adductor magnus
• Divides into common fibular & tibial
branches
• Muscles:
– hamstrings
– 1/2 adductor magnus
– muscles of leg/foot
Common fibular portion of sciatic nerve…
Common fibular portion exits below, above or through
piriformis muscle
superior gluteal nerve
inferior gluteal nerve
Superior gluteal nerve
• Gluteus medius,
minimus & TFL
• Exits superior to
piriformis
Inferior gluteal nerve
• Gluteus maximus
• Exits inferior to
piriformis
Thigh - Anterior Group
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius)
THIGH – ANTERIOR GROUP
SARTORIUS
O: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
I: medial surface upper tibia (pes anserine)
N: femoral n. (L2,3)
A: flex thigh(hip), lat rotate femur;
flex leg(knee) QUADRICEPS FEMORIS
O: rectus femoris: Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
vastus lateralis: linea aspera
vastus medialis: linea aspera vastus intermedius: upper ant femur
I: tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon N: femoral n. (L2,3,4)
A: extend leg(knee);
flex femur (rectus femoris)
Medial or Adductor Group of Muscles
pectineus
adductor longus and adductor brevis
gracilis
adductor magnus
Medial or Adductor Group of Muscles
PECTINEUS O: pubis
I: linea aspera
N: femoral n.
A: adduct, flex femur
ADDUCTOR LONGUS & ADDUCTOR BREVIS
O: pubis
I: linea aspera
N: obturator n.
A: adduct, flex femur
GRACILIS
O: pubis
I: medial upper tibia
(pes anserine)
N: obturator n.
A: adduct femur; flex leg
ADDUCTOR MAGNUS anterior view
- •
- •
O: pubis, ischium I: linea aspera,
adductor tubercle (adductor canal for femoral
artery and vein)
N: obturator & sciatic nn. A: adduct femur (adductor)
extend femur (hamstring)
ADDUCTOR MAGNUS anterior view
- •
- •
O: pubis, ischium I: linea aspera,
adductor tubercle (adductor canal for femoral
artery and vein)
N: obturator & sciatic nn. A: adduct femur (adductor)
extend femur (hamstring)
Posterior or Hamstring Group
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
biceps femoris
posterior or hamstring group
SEMITENDINOSUS O: ischial tuberosity
I: upper medial tibia (pes anserine)
N: tibial portion of sciatic n. A: extend femur(hip);
flex & med rotate leg(knee)
SEMIMEMBRANOSUS O: ischial tuberosity
I: medial condyle of tibia N: tibial portion of sciatic n.
A: extend femur(hip);
flex & med rotate leg(knee)
BICEPS FEMORIS
O: long head: ischial tuberosity
short head: linea aspera I: head of fibula
N: LH: tibial portion of sciatic n.
SH: common fibular portion of sciatic n.
A: LH: extend femur(hip);
flex & lat rotate leg(knee)
SH: flex & lat rotate leg(knee)
Actions of Thigh Muscles on Hip and Knee Joints
Actions of thigh muscles on hip and knee joints
Movements of Knee
Movements of the Knee
- Flexion/Extension
- Sidebending-Varus and Valgus movements
If we look at two anatomical segments (such as the thigh and lower leg), varus alignment describes a relationship in which the distal segment deviates medially compared to the proximal segment. In a valgus alignment, the distal segment deviates laterally
• Rotation-Internal and external
Pes Anserinus
Pes Answerinus - goose’s foot
Pes Anserinus (goose’s foot)
Common insertion of sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus.
Medial tibia, deep fascia of the leg (fascia cruris).
Help stabilize knee posture during partial flexion of the knee.
Long and extensible muscles are sensitive to stretch and may provide important proprioceptive input to the CNS for regulating coordinated actions of leg muscles.
Pes anserine bursitis is a common source of knee pain, usually seen in young, physically active individuals and older adults with osteoarthritis.
Knee bones
Knee bones
Femur
Medial & Lateral condyles
Tibia
Medial & lateral condylar articular surfaces = tibial plateaus for femoral condyles
Intercondylar eminence
Fibula
• Head
• Not part of knee joint
Patella (“sesamoid” bone within quadriceps tendon)
The Knee Joint
The Knee Joint
The knee is a pivot-hinge joint (AKA moblie trocho-ginglymus) formed by 2 articulations: one between the femur and the tibia and the other between the patella and femur.
It is a synovial joint and covered by a fibrous articular capsule.
Important connective tissue structures of the knee include 2 cruciate ligaments, 2 collateral ligaments and 2 menisci
Anterior Knee Ligaments
ACL & PCL
Anterior Knee Ligaments
Anterior cruciate ligament
Anterior tibia to inner surface of lateral femoral condyle
Limit hyperextension of knee & posterior displacement of femur on tibia
Posterior cruciate ligament
Posterior tibia to inner surface of medial femoral condyle
Prevent anterior displacement of femur
External Knee ligaments
Patellar ligament/tendon
fibular (lateral)
Tibial (medial)
Collateral ligaments
External knee ligaments
Patellar lig/tendon: Continuation of quadriceps tendon. Continues anteriorly from patella to insert on tibial tuberosity.
Fibular (lateral) collateral lig: lat epicondyle of femur to head of fibula
Tibial (medial) collateral lig: Runs from the medial femoral condyle to the medial tibia, below the tibial condyle. Attached to medial meniscus & articular capsule
Collateral ligaments
limit med (int) and lat
(ext) rotation of the knee. Also resist valgus and varus stresses.
medial and lateral menisci
medial and lateral menisci
C-shaped cartilages are modified articular discs
Attached to intercondylar area of tibia
Medial meniscus attached to tibial collateral ligament; often injured together (Terrible Triad - ACL, MCL and MM)
Lateral meniscus not attached to fibular collateral ligament
The Terrible Triad
The Terrible Triad
ACL
MCL
MM
Lateral force to knee w/ foot fixed in ext rot
Oblique popliteal ligament
Oblique popliteal ligament
Extension of the tendon of the semimembranosus
Strengthens posterior articular capsule
Forms the floor of the Popliteal Fossa
(Right side of picture)
Knee bursas
Knee bursas
Suprapatellar: between femur & quadriceps tendon
Prepatellar: “housemaids’s knee“
Infrapatellar: “clergyman’s knee”
A Baker’s cyst is a swelling of the semimembranous bursa
Locking of the Knee
Locking of the Knee
In full extension, the knee is locked by rotating the femur medially on the tibia. This medial rotation is due to the lateral femoral condyle moving posteriorly in the lateral tibial condyle.
Locking the knee prevents flexion.
To unlock the knee, the femur is laterally rotated on the tibia by the popliteus muscle, enabling normal flexion.
Both the medial and lateral meniscus are compressed and vulnerable to injury when the knee is locked.
inferior tibiofibular joint
ankle joint
deltoid ligament
anterior and posterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments
talo-calcaneo-navicular joint
Inferior tibiofibular joint
- Fibrous - Syndesmosis
- Inverted U-shaped joint over talus
- Held together by the anterior
tibiofibular ligament, posterior
tibiofibular ligament and the
interosseus membrane
Ankle joint
• Hinge type synovial joint between
tibia, fibula & talus
- Fibula does not bear weight
- Plantar Flexion and Dorsiflexion of
foot
–
Ligaments of the Ankle Joint
Deltoid ligament
- Medial ankle
- Extends from medial
malleolus to navicular,
calcaneus and talus
• Resists Eversion of Foot
Ant & Post Talofibular
& Calcaneofibular
ligaments
- Lateral ankle
- Resists Inversion of Foot
Inversion sprain is much more
common than eversion.
Because the lateral
malleolus is more inferior
than the medial malleolus
and the deltoid ligament is
stronger than the lateral
ligaments, it is easier to
resist eversion of the ankle.
–
Talo-Calcaneo-Navicular joint
• Head of talus inserted between navicular &
calcaneus
• Spring ligament spans between calcaneus
(sustentaculum tali of calcaneus) & navicular;
– prevents talus from wedging bones apart
Talo-calcaneal (subtalar) joint
• talus rests on calcaneus
–
Inversion & Eversion
• Rotational movement around oblique axis through the Talo-
Calcaneo-Navicular & Talo-Calcaneal (Subtalar) joints
Calcaneo-cuboid joint
Calcaneo-Cuboid joint
• Long Plantar
ligament
– Calcaneus to
through 5
– Forms tunnel for
tendon
• Short Plantar
ligament
– Calcaneus to
metatarsals 2
Fibularis longus
cuboid
Metatarsal-Phalangeal
(MTP) joint
• Deep Transverse ligs
– Link MTP jts of
all 5 digits
Anterior Group
Tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum longus
fibularis tertius
ANTERIOR GROUP
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
O: upper 2/3 tibia; Interosseus membrane
I: 1st MT, medial cuneiform
N: deep fibular (peroneal)
A: dorsiflex, invert foot
EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
O: fibula, interosseus membrane
I: distal phalanx hallux
N: deep fibular (peroneal)
A: extend hallux & dorsiflex foot
EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
O: upper 3/4 fibula, interosseus membrane
I: middle & distal phalanges
N: deep fibular (peroneal)
A: ext lateral 4 toes & dorsiflex foot
FIBULARIS TERTIUS
O: lower 1/3 fibula
I: 5th MT
N: deep fibular (peroneal)
A: dorsiflex & evert foot
Lateral Group
Fibularis Longus
Fibularis Brevis
LATERAL GROUP
FIBULARIS LONGUS
O: upper 2/3 fibula
I: 1st MT; medial cuneiform
FIBULARIS BREVIS
O: lower 1/3 fibula
I: 5th MT
N: superficial fibular
A: evert & plantar flex foot
Posterior Group
Gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
POSTERIOR GROUP
GASTROCNEMIUS
O: femoral condyles
I: calcaneus
N: tibial n.
A: plantar flex foot (fast)
flex knee
SOLEUS
O: upper fibula & tibia
I: calcaneus
N: tibial n.
A: plantar flex foot (slow)
maintain standing
PLANTARIS
O: lateral supracondylar
ridge
I: calcaneus
N: tibial n.
A: plantar flex foot
Order to tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus
• Tendons of flexor hallucis
and digitorum longus cross
as they enter sole of foot
• Tibialis posterior has large
inserting tendon onto tarsal
bones
• Tom, Dick and Harry is the
mnemonic device to
remember the oder of the
three tendons of the deep
posterior muscles of the
leg, posterior to the medial
malleolus (Tibialis
Posterior, Flexor digitorum
longus and Flexor hallucis
longus)
Action of Leg Muscles on the Ankle and Foot
Action of Leg Muscles on the Ankle and Foot
Common fibular nerve
superficial fibular nerve
deep fibular nerve
injury of common fibular nerve
Common Fibular nerve
• Passes around head of
fibula
• Through fibularis
longus
Superficial Fibular nerve
• Lateral compartment
– fibularis longus &
Deep Fibular nerve
• Anterior compartment
– Tibialis anterior
– Ext digitorum &
– Fibularis tertius
Common fibular nerve
commonly injured
• Foot drop: loss of
dorsiflexion & eversion
brevis
hallucis longus and
brevis
Tibial nerve
Tibial nerve
Tibial nerve
• Passes between deep & superficial
posterior muscles
• Posterior compartment
– Gastrocnemius, soleus
– Flexors digitorum & hallucis
– Tibialis posterior
longus
Reflexes of the Lower Limb
patellar reflex tests…
achilles reflex tests….
Patellar relfex tests
L4 nerve root
Achilles reflex tests
S1 nerve root reflex
plantar fascia / aponeurosis
Plantar fascia / aponeurosis
- Continuation of Achilles tendon
- Extends from antero-medial calcaneus to heads of
metacarpals; continuous with fibrous digital sheaths
• Plantar fasciitis
– Inflammatory condition usually localized at
– Calcaneal spurs (with bursa) can develop
calcaneal attachment (but other areas too)
Extensor digitorum brevis and hallucis brevis
EXTENSOR DIGITORUM
BREVIS & HALLUCIS BREVIS
O: dorsal surface of calcaneus
I: proximal phalanges
N: deep fibular nerve
A: extend toes
Extensor hallucis brevis
O: dorsal surface of calcaneus
I: base of proximal phalanx of
big toe
N: deep fibular nerve
A: extend big toe
Three superficial muscles
adductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi
THREE SUPERFICIAL
MUSCLES
ABDUCTOR HALLUCIS
O: calcaneus
I: prox phalanx hallux
N: med plantar n.
A: flex, abduct big toe
FLEXOR DIGIT. BREVIS
O: calcaneus
I: mid phalanx of 4 toes
N: med plantar n
A: flex lat 4 toes
ABDUCTOR DIGITI MIN.
O: calcaneus
I: prox phalanx of 5th toe
N: lat plantar n.
A: flex, abduct 5th toe
quadratus plantae
lumbricals
QUADRATUS PLANTAE
O: calcaneus
I: tendons of flex digitorum longus
N: lateral plantar n.
A: flex lateral 4 toes
LUMBRICALS
O: tendons of flex digitorum longus
I: extensor expansions
N: Lumbrical 1: medial plantar n.
Lumbrical 2,3, 4: lateral plantar n.
A: extend IP, flex MTP joints
flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digit minimi
FLEXOR HALLUCIS BREVIS
O: cuboid, lat cuneiform
I: proximal phalanx
N: med plantar n.
A: flex MTP jt
ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS
O: MT for oblique and transverse heads
I: proximal phalanx
N: lat plantar n.
A: flex MTP jt
FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI
O: MT 5
I: proximal phalanx
N: lat plantar n
A: flex MTP jt
plantar interossei
dorsal interossei
plantar interossei
dorsal interossei
Arches of the Foot
transverse arch
external (lateral) longitudinal arch
internal (medial) longitudinal arch
Arches of the Foot
Medial longitudinal arch
Medial Longitudinal Arch
- Calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms & 3 MT
- Supported by
– CT: plantar aponeurosis, spring ligament, plantar ligaments
– Muscles: Flexor hallucis longus, abductor hallucis, tibialis anterior &
posterior
Lateral Longitudinal Arch
Lateral Longitudinal Arch
- Calcaneus, cuboid, lateral two MT
- Supported by
– CT: plantar aponeurosis, long &
short plantar ligaments
– Muscles: abductor digiti minimi,
fibularis longus, brevis and tertius
Transverse Arch
Transverse Arch
- Cuboid, cuneiforms, the 5 MT’s
- Supported by
- CT: deep transverse ligaments
- Muscles: fibularis longus, adductor
hallucis
